Observer - User contributions [en]

Module:Pagetype/setindex

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-- This page contains a table of all set index templates and their
-- redirects. Templates names are capitalized, and the Template: prefix is
-- removed. Templates are grouped with the main template first, followed by
-- its redirects.

return {
["Set index article"] = true,
["Sia"] = true,
["Set index"] = true,
["SIA"] = true,
["Set-index"] = true,
["Setindex"] = true,
["Set-index article"] = true,
["Animal common name"] = true,
["Chemistry index"] = true,
["Chemdisambig"] = true,
["Chemistry disambiguation"] = true,
["Chemistry set index"] = true,
["Chemindex"] = true,
["Enzyme index"] = true,
["Fungus common name"] = true,
["Given name"] = true,
["First name"] = true,
["Forename"] = true,
["Greek myth index"] = true,
["Lake index"] = true,
["Lakeindex"] = true,
["Locomotive index"] = true,
["Media set index"] = true,
["Media index"] = true,
["Molecular formula index"] = true,
["MolFormDisambig"] = true,
["Molecular formula disambiguation"] = true,
["MolFormIndex"] = true,
["Mountain index"] = true,
["Mountainindex"] = true,
["Nickname"] = true,
["Painting index"] = true,
["Plant common name"] = true,
["River index"] = true,
["Road index"] = true,
["Roadindex"] = true,
["Ship index"] = true,
["Shipindex"] = true,
["Sport index"] = true,
["Sportindex"] = true,
["Storm index"] = true,
["Surname"] = true,
["Surnames"] = true,
["DisambigName"] = true,
["DisambigNm"] = true,
["DisambigN"] = true,
}

Module:Pagetype/disambiguation

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return require [[Module:Disambiguation/templates]]

TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt

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1
00:00:3,300 --> 00:00:7,280
Imagine all the people

2
00:00:8,900 --> 00:00:13,860
Living life in peace

3
00:00:13,860 --> 00:00:16,430
Yoo-hoo oooh

4
00:00:16,430 --> 00:00:17,727
You may say

Category:Books

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{{catdiffuse}}
{{Wikisourcecat|Books}}
{{Stack|{{Portal|Books}}{{Commons category}}}}
{{Cat main|Book|Outline of books}}
{{Distinguish|Category:Wikibooks}}
{{Category see also|Literature}}

[[Category:Documents]]
[[Category:Humanities]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Literature by medium]]
[[Category:Manufactured goods]]
[[Category:Media formats]]
[[Category:Paper products]]
[[Category:Print media]]
[[Category:Publications by format]]
[[Category:Publishing]]
[[Category:Written communication]]

Module:Disambiguation/templates

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

-- This page contains a table of all disambiguation templates and their
-- redirects. Templates names are capitalized, and the Template: prefix is
-- removed. Templates are grouped with the main template first, followed by
-- its redirects.

return {
["Disambiguation"] = true,
["Begriffsklärung"] = true,
["DAB"] = true,
["Dab"] = true,
["Dab page"] = true,
["Dabpage"] = true,
["Dbig"] = true,
["Dis"] = true,
["Disam"] = true,
["Disamb"] = true,
["Disambig"] = true,
["Disambig misspelling"] = true,
["Disambig-plants"] = true,
["Disambiguation page"] = true,
["Meta disambig"] = true,
["Project disambiguation"] = true,
["Shortcut disambig"] = true,
["Wikipedia disambiguation"] = true,
["WP disambig"] = true,
["WP-disambig"] = true,

["Airport disambiguation"] = true,
["Airport disambig"] = true,

["Biology disambiguation"] = true,

["Call sign disambiguation"] = true,
["Callsigndis"] = true,

["Caselaw disambiguation"] = true,
["Case law disambiguation"] = true,

["Chinese title disambiguation"] = true,
["Chinese title disambig"] = true,
["CJKVdab"] = true,
["Disambig-Chinese-char-title"] = true,

["Disambiguation cleanup"] = true,
["Cleanup disambig"] = true,
["Cleanup disambiguation"] = true,
["CleanupDisambig"] = true,
["Dab cleanup"] = true,
["Dab-cleanup"] = true,
["Dabclean"] = true,
["Disamb-cleanup"] = true,
["Disambcleanup"] = true,
["Disambig cleanup"] = true,
["Disambig-cleanup"] = true,
["Disambig-CU"] = true,
["Disambig-cu"] = true,
["Disambigcleanup"] = true,
["Disambiguate-cleanup"] = true,
["Disambiguation-cleanup"] = true,
["Geodis-cleanup"] = true,

["Genus disambiguation"] = true,
["Genus disambig"] = true,

["Hangul title disambiguation"] = true,

["Hospital disambiguation"] = true,
["Hospitaldis"] = true,

["Human name disambiguation"] = true,
["Bio-dab"] = true,
["Hndab"] = true,
["HNDIS"] = true,
["HnDis"] = true,
["Hndis"] = true,
["Hndisambig"] = true,
["Human name dab"] = true,
["Personal name"] = true,
["Personal name disambiguation"] = true,

["Human name disambiguation cleanup"] = true,
["Hndis-cleanup"] = true,
["Personal name disambiguation cleanup"] = true,

["Hurricane season disambiguation"] = true,

["Letter–number combination disambiguation"] = true,
["Letter-Number Combination Disambiguation"] = true,
["Letter-Number combination disambiguation"] = true,
["Letter-number combination disambiguation"] = true,
["Letter-NumberCombDisambig"] = true,
["Letter-NumberCombdisambig"] = true,
["Letter-NumberCombinationDisambiguation"] = true,
["LNCD"] = true,

["Mathematical disambiguation"] = true,
["Math dab"] = true,
["Math disambiguation"] = true,
["Mathdab"] = true,
["Mathematics disambiguation"] = true,
["Maths disambiguation"] = true,

["Military unit disambiguation"] = true,
["Mil-unit-dis"] = true,
["Mil-unit-disambig"] = true,

["Music disambiguation"] = true,
["Music disambig"] = true,

["Number disambiguation"] = true,
["Numberdis"] = true,
["Numdab"] = true,
["Numdisambig"] = true,

["Opus number disambiguation"] = true,

["Phonetics disambiguation"] = true,

["Place name disambiguation"] = true,
["DisambigG"] = true,
["DisambigGeo"] = true,
["Disambiggeo"] = true,
["Geo-dis"] = true,
["Geodab"] = true,
["Geodis"] = true,
["Geodisambig"] = true,
["Geographic disambiguation"] = true,

["Portal disambiguation"] = true,
["Portal disambig"] = true,

["Road disambiguation"] = true,
["Roaddis"] = true,

["School disambiguation"] = true,
["School disambig"] = true,
["Schooldab"] = true,
["Schooldis"] = true,

["Species Latin name abbreviation disambiguation"] = true,

["Species Latin name disambiguation"] = true,
["LatinNameDisambig"] = true,
["SpeciesLatinNameDisambig"] = true,

["Station disambiguation"] = true,
["Station dab"] = true,

["Synagogue disambiguation"] = true,

["Taxonomy disambiguation"] = true,
["Species disambiguation"] = true,

["Template disambiguation"] = true,
["Template ambiguous"] = true,
["Template dab"] = true,
["Template disambig"] = true,

["WoO number disambiguation"] = true,
}

Observer talk:Namespace

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Talk header}}
{{WikiProject Help|class=NA|importance=high}}
{{old moves|list=
*Wikipedia:Namespace → Help:Namespace, 13 January 2013, [[Wikipedia talk:Namespace#Requested move]]
}}
{{merged-from |Help:Namespace |12 June 2009}}

==The meta page==
In the unnamed first section, the [[Wikipedia:Namespace|meta page]] says under bullet point
:* MediaWiki-namespace
that all MW: pages are protected, but they ain't. Someone who can generalize about which tend to be or not to be might correct this, without the errors i might if i tried. --[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy]][[User talk:Jerzy|(t)]] 18:34, 2004 Apr 1 (UTC)

:I reworded that section. Is it clear now? [[User:Angela|Angela]][[user talk:Angela|.]] 21:58, Apr 1, 2004 (UTC)

::Looks fine to me. [smile] Tnx do for the fix. --[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy]][[User talk:Jerzy|(t)]] 23:23, 2004 Apr 1 (UTC)

I like it [[User:Mattdoel1|Mattdoel1]] ([[User talk:Mattdoel1|talk]]) 20:23, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

Looks good to me as well! [[User:M.O.R.C.C.C|M.O.R.C.C.C]] ([[User talk:M.O.R.C.C.C|talk]]) 19:29, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

==I don't get this==
I want to make some Userboxes and it says I need some kinda namespace thing but I don't get what it is. I went on this page and I still don't get it.

:I agree with the previous poster's sentiment. I think the article is unreadable to a layperson. It may have something to do with the fact that as of 2 March 2007, the term "namespace" is used in the article 79 times. Repeating a made-up word ad nauseum does not help me to understand what it is supposed to mean. But that's just me ... and apparently also the poster before me who didn't sign her comment. --[[User:Museerouge|Museerouge]] 09:38, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

::Ditto. Nowhere in the article does it mention the actual purpose of namespaces. Are they basically a substitute for lack of some sort of folder structure in a wiki? How far does the 'folder' analogy go? And once I create a namespace, what can I do with it? [[User:75.3.18.30|75.3.18.30]] 04:46, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

:::Yes, namespaces work more or less exactly like folders. We put different kind of content in different namespaces. And they come with extra functionality, like:
:::* From within templates we can detect which namespace a page belongs to, so when a template is used on pages in different namespaces the template can behave differently. For me as a template programmer it has been very useful.
:::* In the search function here at Wikipedia you have the option to choose which namespaces you want to include in your search.
:::There's probably many more things I am not aware of.
:::--[[User:Davidgothberg|David Göthberg]] ([[User talk:Davidgothberg|talk]]) 20:27, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

To tell the truth, I mostly don't get it either, and what I'm thinking is "God, I hope I don't have to understand this in order to somehow contribute to Wikipedia." And, if it is the case that "namespace" means "folder", what is the point of using a made-up word to displace a perfectly good existing word? [[Special:Contributions/72.196.20.192|72.196.20.192]] ([[User talk:72.196.20.192|talk]]) 17:27, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

It looks more like a naming convention (like Hungarian notation) than a true namespace to me. Does the wiki software understand this at all, or is it just naming? The article doesn't seem to explain.
[[Special:Contributions/88.159.74.100|88.159.74.100]] ([[User talk:88.159.74.100|talk]]) 15:52, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
:Yes, the software understands it (there are mentions of namespace-aware software functionality on the page). It doesn't mean "folder" either (though people with some backgrounds might be helped by thinking of it that way). And no, you don't have to understand this to contribute to Wikipedia. --[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 16:10, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

For a very specialised topic of contemporary of interest I am in the process of creating a new page. [[User:Markostri|Markostri]] ([[User talk:Markostri|talk]]) 16:20, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

==Meta pages==
Should meta pages (wikipedia:) be used for discussion?
:ie. [[Wikipedia:Unencyclopedic]] [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 23:03, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

:It depends, but for the most part no. One should use the Wikipedia talk: pages instead, unless the Wikipedia: page was designed for some specific discussion such as [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] or [[Wikipedia:Quickpolls]]. That page does not seem to have been well designed. I have no idea what's supposed to take place in there. [[User:Dori|Dori]] | [[User talk:Dori|Talk]] 23:07, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

::I think this page should be a redirect to [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not]]. The discussion content would have to be moved to [[Wikipedia talk: What Wikipedia is not]].

The reasons for this move seem obvious to me so I left them out but if you want me to state them I will.

I wont copy and paste the content, and therefore am powerless. Help? [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 23:52, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

:For the most part, meta (i.e. <tt>Wikipedia:</tt>) pages seem to act as polished pages, in the same way as articles do, with their corresponding discussion pages. Contrast this, however, to pages on meta (that is, [[meta:|the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki]]) which function in a more [[wiki]]-like way, with discussion simply being [[refactor]]ed into content as appropriate. This is mainly because the meta-wiki isn't really big enough to require the full features (discussion pages, watch-lists...) that the software provides.
:Sorry, this is drifting towards a different topic. It's also rather hard to follow all this [[meta:meta:meta]] at this time of night, so I'm going to bed. - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 23:54, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

:: Ahh, just seen this. See my prior discussion with Ben on this point at [[user talk:MyRedDice]]. Cheers. [[User:MyRedDice|Martin]] 19:32, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:::See [[Wikipedia: Wikipedia-namespace]] [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 00:29, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

::::Which would be better called [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia namespace]], without the hyphen; so I moved it. Oh, and I'm not keen on having redirects from the article namespace to the Wikipedia: one, but I guess that's another discussion. - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 00:42, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:::::...and then spent 5 minutes following you around fixing all your redirects, accidentally spamming my own watchlist in the process! D'oh! - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 00:48, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

[[Wikipedia: Namespace]] is not a redirect. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 00:52, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:Huh? Who said it was? - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 00:58, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

You said "I'm not keen on having redirects from the article namespace to the Wikipedia: one"

This namespace stuff is confusing. I think maybe namespace should be reserved to the definition on the page [[Wikipedia:namespace]] and the definition for Wikipedia-namespace on that page should be changed to Meta page (and ditch the Wikipedia-namespace term. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 01:06, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Done. (I could have tried to explain what a namespace was for hours with the old version). [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 01:14, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:I don't follow you; those two usages of the word are identical. There are several ''namespaces'', one of which is the ''Wikipedia namespace''. The ''article namespace'' is the one with no identifier (a synonym for ''main namespace'') and some of the redirects you created went from one to the other - e.g. [[Wikipedia:Project namespace|Wikipedia-namespace]]. This is not a very good idea, since the main namespace should ideally consist entirely of encyclopedia articles, and be copyable directly by any of our numerous [[Wikipedia:mirrors and forks|mirrors and forks]].

:As for "meta page", I think my earlier comments in this section (and on [[meta:meta:meta]]) demonstrate why we should avoid that term wherever possible. Oh, and now you've broken all your redirects again, but I'm not going to fix them this time, because I prefer the old name :-p [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 01:20, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC) ''(via edit conflict!)''

I dont follow the meta:meta:meta phenomenon. Is it similar to the Wikipedia namespace:Wikipedia:namespace:Wikipedia: Wikipedia namespace phenomenon? (A wikipedia namespace page on wikipedia namespace that defines the wikipedia namespace and the wikipedia wikipedia namespace)[[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 01:27, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:The term "meta" is used for multiple purposes - a "meta page" is different from a "page on meta". The latter is a page on a completely different project (kind of a non-language language); the former is the pages beginning <tt>Wikipedia:</tt> that we're discussing here. More specifically, the software defines a project-specific prefix (''namespace'') to such "meta pages", which on ''Wikipedia'' is <tt>Wikipedia:</tt>, but on ''meta'' is <tt>Meta:</tt>. With the result that a "meta page" on ''meta'' has a name beginning <tt>meta:</tt>.

:Confused? Good, because that's my whole point. Can I have my "Wikipedia namespace" back now {{mono|;-)}} - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 01:38, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I follow,

Heres are the relevant pages: [[Wikipedia:Glossary]], [[Wikipedia:Namespace]], [[Wikipedia:Meta page]], [[Wikipedia: Wikipedia namespace]].

The way I see it, namespace defines things such as the Main-namespace, the talk-namespace, etc. Meta pages have their own namespace (not to be conbfused with Meta-Wikimedia.) Meta page namespace is used to provide information on wikipedia. I think this is clear, agreed?
[[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 01:42, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:Yes; but since "meta pages" (on Wikipedia) begin with <tt>Wikipedia:</tt>, whereas <tt>[[meta:foo]]</tt> will create a link to Meta-Wikimedia, it seems to me that it would be less confusing if we referred to it as the "Wikipedia namespace", and tried to ''cut down'' on our use of the word "meta" in this context; this also matches the "talk namespace" (not the "discussion page namespace"), the "image namespace" (not the "image description page namespace") etc. - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 01:54, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I see what you mean, but using Wikipedia namespace is just as bad. The wikipedia term is also overused. Any namespace on wikipedia could be referred to as a wikipedia namespace (as opposed to a [[namespace]]).

I propose we create a new term for meta page namespace aka wikipedia wikipedia namespace. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 02:01, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:Hmm, now ''I'' see what ''you'' mean! My head hurts. Is anyone else actually awake who might fancy having an opinion on this? - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 02:07, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I see no reason to stop calling it the Wikipedia namespace. [[User:Angela|Angela]][[user talk:Angela|.]] 18:24, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

I do. See [[Wikipedia: namespace]]. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 17:02, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

::You can not unilaterally change the name of a namespace. Moving the page doesn't change anything. Namespace 4 is still the Wikipedia namespace. [[User:Angela|Angela]][[user talk:Angela|.]] 21:54, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)

:Just a thought: we needn't ever refer to that page by that name - just put "<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Namespace|]]</nowiki>" to create [[Wikipedia:Namespace|Namespace]] rather than [[namespace]]. (See [[Wikipedia:Piped link|Piped link]]) - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 17:10, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

::I think you mean wikipedia users should refer to all wikipedia namespaces as just namespaces and the "Wikipedia:" pages as Wikipedia namespaces. I will settle for this I guess. I wonder if anyone else even cares what this means let alone knows what it means. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 18:46, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

:::Yes, or to be more precise, "<tt>Wikipedia:</tt> pages are pages in the ''Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:namespace|namespace]]''". And FWIW, I think most people would know what a "Wikipedia page" was more readily than they'd know what a namespace of any description was. - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 19:18, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I haven't read carefully enough to be sure someone didn't already say this: at least some of the confusion is between "article namespace" in the sense of
* "null-named namespace that contains articles" and
* "article on the subject of namespaces"
--[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy]][[User talk:Jerzy|(t)]] 17:44, 2004 Apr 7 (UTC)

Hey! I just noticed somebody (in fact two people: first Timwi, then Eloquence) has changed [[MediaWiki:Wikipediapage]], which is displayed when you're editing, e.g. here, or are on a <tt>Wikipedia talk:</tt> page, so that it now says "view project page" instead of "view meta page". Good edit in my opinion; much less ambiguous. - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 22:40, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I just noticed this as well. I wonder if this discussion had anything to do with that. [[User:Bensaccount|Bensaccount]] 19:24, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)

== GFDL on User Talk pages ? ==

Is the text in User talk namespace licensed under GFDL? How about the text under User? // [[User:Rogper|Rogper]] 14:38, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

:Yes, it is. The "All contributions to Wikipedia are released under the GNU Free Documentation License" message in the edit window appears in all namespaces, and the GFDL notice is at the bottom of all pages, so hopefully it is clear to people that their user and talk pages are licensed in the same way as articles. [[User:Angela|Angela]][[user talk:Angela|.]] 22:43, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

== Portal namespace ==
See discussion of a proposed new namespace at [[Wikipedia:Portalspace]]. -- [[User:ALoan|ALoan]] [[User_talk:ALoan|(Talk)]] 20:33, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

== Gallery namespace ==
Please participate in the discussion of the new proposed [[Wikipedia:Gallery namespace|Gallery namespace]]. [[User:Cedar-Guardian|CG]] 08:45, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

==Pseudo-namespaces==
The article [[Help:Namespace]] identifies the [[Wikipedia:Special pages|Special]] and [[Wikipedia:Media|Media]] namespaces as pseudo-namespaces, but this article says only that the [[Wikipedia:WP|WP:]] redirect pages and [[Transwiki]] pages are pseudo-namespaces. Can someone resolve the discrepency?--[[User:Blainster|Blainster]] 21:39, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

:Excellent observation! There appears to have been a clash in terminology. To the best of my knowledge, both pages ([[Help:Namespace]] and [[Wikipedia:Namespace]]) are correct in what they refer to as pseudo-namespaces. Here is my understanding:
:#The {{ns:-2}} and {{ns:-1}} namespaces are called pseudo-namespaces because their content does not reside in the MediaWiki MySQL database, but rather in the /images and /includes folder in the standard installation. The MediaWiki interface displays them like the content is stored in the database. Of course, some content is probably in the database describing the location of each media file, but the media file itself is in /images. The content of the special pages is generated by PHP files in the /includes folder. A better name is '''virtual namespaces''', as they are specified by the MediaWiki software. Most likely [[m:Help:Namespace]] should be updated to use this term.
:#The [[Wikipedia:WP|WP:]] and [[Transwiki]] namespaces are called pseudo-namespaces because they are fake! There is nothing in MediaWiki preventing us from pretending like any prefix is a separate namespace. For example, I could start prefixing a series of articles with CheerfulPaul: and pretend like it was a separate namespace. Would that create a separate namespace? Not in the underlying MySQL database, but it would ''seem'' to do so to the user. The prefix WP indicates a redirect page for an abbreviation. The prefix Transwiki indicates a page is in transition to another Wiki. Because the syntax is the same as using a namespace, we can pretend that they live in separate '''pseudo-namespaces'''.
:'''Summary''': {{ns:-2}} and {{ns:-1}} were created by the MediaWiki software and are "pseudo" in the sense that the actual content is not stored in the MySQL database. [[Wikipedia:WP|WP:]] and [[Transwiki]] were created by the Wikipedia community as a way of designating pages with a specific function ''within the article namespace''.--[[User:CheerfulPaul|CheerfulPaul]] 21:44, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

I have added several more pseudo-namespaces, determined from some [[WP:DB|database analysis]]:
<table><tr><td>'''Prefix'''</td><td>'''# Pages'''</td><td>'''Purpose'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>MOS</td><td>28</td><td>Manual of Style</td></tr>
<tr><td>CAT</td><td>161</td><td>Category</td></tr>
<tr><td>P</td><td>168</td><td>Portal</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wp</td><td>366</td><td>Wikipedia</td></tr>
<tr><td>WT</td><td>646</td><td>Wikipedia talk</td></tr>
</table>
--[[User:Sapphic|Sapphic]] 15:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

== User category namespace ==

It seems like pages in the ''Category:'' namespace should only be categories of '''articles''', and categories of '''users''' should be in a separate ''User category:'' namespace. —[[User:Keenan Pepper|Keenan Pepper]] 22:38, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

:I strongly concur with this. [[User:Libcub|Libcub]] ([[User talk:Libcub|talk]]) 06:40, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

== Definition of Namespace ==

I linked to this page from the "how to edit a page" page in the hopes of learning what a "namespace" is. That should be the first thing written here. Otherwise, for those unfamiliar with the term, its just like trying to figure out what a dog is by readiing a list of the differences between breeds. [[User:Folding Chair|Folding Chair]] 06:10, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

:I don't disagree, but being no expert, try going to [[Help:Namespace]] for more information. --[[User:Blainster|Blainster]] 23:45, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

::I strongly agree. I'm a newbie and though I am sure I will eventually figure it out, there should be a clear one-sentence explanation of what namespace is. [[User:Jensbn|Jens Nielsen]] 10:58, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

:::Note that [[Help:Namespace]] still assumes an understanding of the meaning of the word. Every page with the word Namespace dances around a definition, as if the term were in common usage. It is not; wikipedia is the first place I have encountered it, and the dictionary is not very helpful because it offers many definitions of the term and wikipedia is using it in a very specific sense. So although I think I have grasp after reading 3 different pages, someone please tell me, precisely, what in tarnation is a namespace?! [[User:Folding Chair|Folding Chair]] 00:25, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

::::Here are some suggestions for a one sentence definition:
::::* "Namespaces are like folders."
::::* "Namespaces are like folders and just as with folders different content belong in different namespaces."
::::* "Namespaces are similar to folders."
::::Something like that should work, right?
::::--[[User:Davidgothberg|David Göthberg]] ([[User talk:Davidgothberg|talk]]) 21:12, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Per the above discussion, I've edited the opener to this article as follows:

:In Wikipedia jargon, a namespace is that part of the Wikipedia data base where all the data of a similar kind are stored. The main namespace, for example, contains all of the Wikipedia articles ever written and all of the past versions of those articles. The user namespace contains all the personal pages of Wikipedians who have created one.
:This definition applies similarly to all wikis using the MediaWiki software.
:This software provides for 18 basic namespaces — the main space, where page names have no prefix, and 17 auxiliaries, each with its own prefix. In addition, there are two custom namespaces, with their own prefixes. They are like folders in a filing cabinet — or on your hard drive.

I hope this hasn't introduced any errors and sums up what the problems were. Sincerely, [[User:GeorgeLouis|GeorgeLouis]] ([[User talk:GeorgeLouis|talk]]) 19:31, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

== New namespaces yet?? ==

Plans as of this moment for not-yet-existent namespaces in future versions of Wikipedia?? [[User:Georgia guy|Georgia guy]] 23:21, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
:There's mention of a WikiProject namespace for Wikipedia at the [http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communitas%21 Incubator]. Spanish Wikipedia (and probably others) already has a namespace for this, and I think we ought to, but I know not of any further mention. --[[User:Gray Porpoise|Gray]] [[User talk:Gray Porpoise|Porpoise]][[Phocoenidae]], not [[Delphinidae]] 20:35, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

== Stray tags ==

There appear to be some stray tags at the top of this article. It seems to have to do with the template at the top: {{tl|Wikipedia-specific help}}... ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia-specific_help]) I tried to puzzle out what to do to fix it, but could not. [[User:Lar/Esperanza|+]]+[[User:Lar|Lar]]: [[User_talk:Lar|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lar|c]] 00:45, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

== what about user-created namespaces? ==

I can't find any rules about us users creating our own namespaces for certain categories of articles. Is it good, is it bad? Is it not allowed at all?
--[[User:Tempel|Tempel]] 11:30, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

:No idea what you mean... could you give an example? --[[User:Francis Schonken|Francis Schonken]] 12:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

I mean this: It appears to me that I can create an article using the namespace syntax, named for instance "warcraft:chapter 1". Now, won't that be created under the "warcraft" namespace then? I know this works with other wikis this way (e.g. DokuWiki). --[[User:Tempel|Tempel]] 07:27, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
:No, [[MediaWiki]], the software used by Wikipedia, does not "create" a new namespace in such case: the available namespaces are listed in [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Enumeration]]. The list of "searchable" namespaces can be displayed also by clicking the "Search" tab in your "[[Special:Preferences|My preferences]]".
:Only one of Wikipedia's software developers can add a new namespace - which would only happen if there's consensus in the Wikipedia community that such new namespace would be a good idea.
:Further:
:* [[warcraft:chapter 1]] would be in "main" or "article" namespace. But as an article name it is not really OK: it would be a kind of subpage of [[warcraft]] - see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names)#Subpages]] for some recommendations on how to go about with [[wikipedia:subpage|subpages]] in main namespace.
:* [[warcraft:chapter 1]] could also be considered as a page in the PSEUDO-namespace "warcraft:" - use of pseudo-namespaces is however limited to what is described in [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Pseudo-namespaces]] (''currently'' "WP:"-type shorcuts, and the "Transwiki:" pseudo-namespace): so also from this viewpoint [[warcraft:chapter 1]] would be discouraged as a page name in "main" or "article" namespace.
:* However, if a colon is part of a "common name" (like for instance: ''[[Orlando: A Biography]]'' - see also [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books)#Subtitles]] for this example), then the colon is used in the page name ("as is", that is: without triggering any special feature)
:Does this answer your question? --[[User:Francis Schonken|Francis Schonken]] 09:30, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, that clarifies it mostly. The article on subpages was not too helpful to me, though, as it is mostly a specification, not a guide, to me as someone who wants to know how to organize articles). Let me summarize the main points:
* Users can not simply create new namespaces like they can in other wikis.
* Users may use a colon in new //general// article names as long as the name before the colon does not coincide with one of WP's special namespaces. The colon has no special meaning then (i.e. it does //not// specify a namespace).
* There is no way to hide a group of articles in their own namespace (one might wish to do that if one writes a series of sub-articles on a specific topic, such as for a game or a TV series), other than providing the articles with a special naming prefix or suffix (examples: "Warcraft:Quest 2 - The tomb of X" or "The funny thing (Friends TV show)").
May I ask that someone who understands this would put this information into the main article? I came here to understand how namespaces work and this new information was not clearly stated there, especially since it suggests that anything before a colon specifies a namespace (apparently it does not) and since other wikis work like what I originally had assumed.
--[[User:Tempel|Tempel]] 06:49, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

== Changes to the talk namespaces section ==

I've made several minor [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ANamespace&diff=96882506&oldid=92632413 changes] to the [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Talk namespaces|#Talk namespaces]] section of this page. Firstly I corrected a link to the help namespace and changed some italics around. I also added a note that you only see the new messages bar when you log in, just to make sure people don't wonder why they don't see the new messages banner when they aren't logged in. Next, I mentioned that the new messages bar appeared at the top; not really necessary (that is, I doubt anyone would go looking for it at the bottom), but no harm either. Finally, I added the line: "(However, edits by the talk page-[[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|archiving]] [[User:Werdnabot|Werdnabot]] don't set of the new messages bar anymore.)" I'm not sure how Werdnabot has been enabled to skip setting off the bar, but I can verify it has, at least for me; nor do I know if there are any other bots that do this. ([[User:Ralbot|Ralbot]] doesn't, for one.) Any objections to any of these changes? [[User talk:Picaroon9288|Picaroon]] 05:30, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
:A discussion on WP:BN has lead to the clarification of this; it's all minor bot edits which don't cause new message bars to appear. [[User talk:Picaroon9288|Picaroon]] 20:53, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

== Help namespace ==

Recently, a few pages have been moved to the help namespace from project namespace by [[User:Radiant!]] following the idea that the help namespace is for any kind of help page, whereas I always had the impression that the help namespace was more about technical features of the Wiki software. This project page doesn't do much to define the help namespace, though. What do others think? [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 17:18, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

:Based on a little preliminary feedback at [[Wikipedia talk:Handling trivia]], I've added a definition. It's still probably worth discussing, though. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 17:25, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
::Indeed. Do you know when the namespace was created? Perhaps something was written back then. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 08:36, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
:::See Uncle G's latest edit, which I disagree with. Not sure when the help namespace was created, but it was first mentioned on this page May 31, 2004: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Namespace&diff=3810474&oldid=3801545]. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 14:23, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

: I think, all help pages which are not inappropriate as Wikipedia project pages, except copies of the master help pages at Meta, should be moved into Wikipedia project namespace. So, I agree with [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']] -- [[User:PBeaver|PBeaver]] 03:34, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
::It would help if you explained your reasons rather than simply making an assertion. Why would a namespace called "help" not contain content known as "help pages"? [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 09:18, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
:::(At the risk of being redundant, I'm reposting this from the earlier discussion):
::::For what it's worth, the majority of pages in the Help namespace, such as [[Help:Category]], are copies of the master help pages at Meta. And only a very small number of pages in [[:Category:Wikipedia how-to]] are in the Help namespace.
:::It is possible to distinguish between "help" pages that pertain to ''all Wikipedia wikis'' (that is, help with features built into the software), and "help" pages that pertain partly or almost entirely to the English wikipedia - for example, [[Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox]]. If in fact the latter are to be put into the Help namespace, then where does one draw the line - are guidelines (certainly designed to answer questions) to be moved there? The Manual of Style?
::::In short, for those who believe that many articles need to be moved into the Help namespace, here's a challenge - please clearly enunciate the '''rule(s)''' by which a decision should be made about the pages in [[:Category:Wikipedia how-to]], and illustrate the rules with five specific examples. (Or, alternatively, please explain why having extensive discussions about each and every page considered for a move - because that's the alternative to a clear set of rules - is a good idea.) -- [[User:John Broughton|John Broughton]] [[User talk:John Broughton |(♫♫)]] 22:49, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
::::*That's just red tape. I'm looking for a reason, not bureaucracy. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 09:42, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

:I have no particularly strong feeling, but it has always struck me as odd that the Help namespace was so underused. It's difficult to see *why* it shouldn't include anything of a Wikipedia how-to nature. So, to respond to the challenge above, I would say that anything that belongs in [[:Category:Wikipedia how-to]] could also be sensibly moved to helpspace. -- [[User:Visviva|Visviva]] 10:55, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
::If [[Wikipedia]] is the only [[MediaWiki]] [[wiki]], then all the help pages should logically be in the Help: namespace. However, there are [[wikiindex:|lots of wikis]] that run on the MediaWiki software. The [[English Wikipedia]] happens to be the one with the largest and most active user community. As we all know, the Wikipedia: [[Help:Namespace|namespace]] is actually the Project: namespace (for example, [[Wikipedia:Namespace]] and [[Project:Namespace]] link to the same page). The Project: namespace on a MediaWiki wiki is for pages that are about the project (i.e., about ''that'' particular wiki). The Help: namespace is somewhat constrained by the need to reduce the redundant labor requirement for the thousands of other MediaWiki wikis out there. When someone downloads the MediaWiki software and sets up a new wiki, they would like to get a set of generic help pages which describe basic editing and administration commands common to all MediaWiki wikis. Thus it is useful to keep a master set of help pages on [[Wikipedia:Meta|Meta]], for many MediaWiki wikis to copy. Maintaining the master help pages gets more complicated if Wikipedia's Help: namespace gets filled up with project-specific help pages (that is, pages which we cannot add to the master set of help pages on Meta). So, basically, what seems appropriate to a given user to put into the Help: namespace on the [[English Wikipedia]] probably depends on whether that user does wiki editing ''only on Wikipedia'' or on a lot of other MediaWiki wikis as well. The existing system shows signs of having evolved rather than having been designed for the current reality - in the beginning, there was only the English Wikipedia, then there were more language Wikipedias, then the MediaWiki software became available for anyone to download, and now the original concept of the Help: and Project: namespaces is not quite up to task. In any case, it's hard to see why it matters which namespace holds a particular help page, since one can look them all up so easily in the [[WP:EITW|Editor's index]]. --[[User:Teratornis|Teratornis]] 18:43, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Ah, thanks Teratornis. Now I see! Like this: If I wrote a help or how-to page here at Wikipedia named say "Help:Spam" and then later on some one would create a page on [[Wikipedia:Meta|Meta]] named "Help:Spam", then we would get a name collision. Since the page "meta:Help:Spam" is supposed to be replicated here at Wikipedia as "Help:Spam". So instead I have to put my Wikipedia specific how-to page about spam at "Wikipedia:Spam".

So the "Help:" namespace really should have been called something like "Meta help:" or even better "Mediawiki help:". But for historical reasons it is not so. So we are stuck with putting any Wikipedia-local help and how-to pages in the local project space "Wikipedia:".

So that answers the question I came here for. So I should not move our new how-to guide [[Wikipedia:Line break handling]] to "Help:Line break handling".

--[[User:Davidgothberg|David Göthberg]] ([[User talk:Davidgothberg|talk]]) 21:02, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

== Main namespace covers what? ==
Now, "main namespace" on [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Basic namespaces]] links to "Main page". "Main namespace" means only "Main page"? -- [[User:PBeaver|PBeaver]] 03:12, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

:No. I've removed the wikilink as misleading. -- [[User:John Broughton|John Broughton]] [[User talk:John Broughton |(♫♫)]] 00:41, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

== Help with Namespaces ==

Is there a walkthrough anywhere that shows how to set up custom namespaces? This page is extremely confusing. I would like to be able to set them up on my site so that each person can create a main page, and then use namespaces to create subsequent pages without all the colons showing up in the titles, as well as offering the links back to ancestor pages.

:You're probably looking for [[m:Help:Custom namespaces]], on Meta. The page here on Wikipedia relates specifically to how namespaces are used on Wikipedia; for more general informaion on namespaces try [[m:Namespace]]. (Actually, the information you want *should* be on MediaWiki.org, but [[mw:Help:Namespaces]] is rather disappointing). -- [[User:Visviva|Visviva]] 16:44, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

::If you are administering your own [[MediaWiki]] [[wiki]], I suggest keeping these links handy:
::*[http://www.google.com/custom?domains=meta.wikimedia.org&sitesearch=meta.wikimedia.org Search Meta with Google]
::*[http://www.google.com/custom?domains=www.mediawiki.org&sitesearch=www.mediawiki.org Search MediaWiki.org with Google]
::For example, search both sites for "namespace" and you will find not only the manual pages, but also talk page discussions and so on. Lots of how-to information is on both sites, sometimes in unlikely places, but you can google for it. --[[User:Teratornis|Teratornis]] 18:15, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

== RfC on Lists and Contents pages ==
Please see a discussion at [[Wikipedia talk:Contents#Contents pages, and lists of lists]] concerning the [[Wikipedia:Contents]] subpages, and specifically on the namespace they belong in. Thanks. --[[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] 18:41, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

== Procedure for creating a new pseudo-namespace? ==
=== Initial question ===

Hello, I have read [[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]], [[Wikipedia:Shortcut]], and this talk page, looking for some clues about the ''procedure'' for creating a new pseudo-namespace. Yes, I get that a pseudo-namespace is just a name we give to a part of an ordinary page name in the main namespace that happens to contain a colon character, and the stuff to the left of the colon character is not a real namespace prefix, nor an interwiki link prefix, nor an interlanguage link prefix. So there is nothing in the [[MediaWiki]] software to stop anyone from concocting all the pseudo-namespaces he or she likes, as far as I can tell. I'm just wondering if there is a correct way to go about it. Obviously, someone should list the new pseudo-namespace at [[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}#Pseudo-namespaces]] and [[Wikipedia:Shortcut#List of prefixes]], but do we need to ''discuss'' it first, and if so, where and with whom? The situation I have in mind relates to the [[WP:EITW|Editor's index to Wikipedia]]. [[User:John Broughton|John Broughton]] and I have discussed adding a large number of shortcuts to the index, to link to major headings; for all the gory details, see:
*[[User talk:John Broughton/Editor's Index to Wikipedia#Redirects/Shortcuts]]
*[[User talk:John Broughton/Editor's Index to Wikipedia#Make our own shortcut prefix?]]
*[[User talk:John Broughton/Editor's Index to Wikipedia#Proposed approach]]
Our latest idea is to create a new pseudo-namespace/shortcut prefix <strike>such as EI: (E uppercase eye) or</strike> EIW: (<strike>the latter may be</strike> that is a better choice, to avoid possible confusion with the interlanguage link [[El:]] (E lowercase ell) which points to the [[Greek Wikipedia]]). So, do we need to discuss this prefix with anyone first, or just go ahead and start making our shortcuts, and then add our prefix to the relevant lists in the documents? The Editor's index is extremely handy for answering questions on the [[WP:HD|Help desk]] and elsewhere, and we need a quick way to cite particular headings in the index. Since we will be creating a fair number of shortcuts (and the number should increase as the index grows along with Wikipedia's project documents), we think a separate pseudo-namespace would be good for grouping the index shortcuts (simplifying bot operations) and to avoid name collisions with existing and future shortcuts in the WP: pseudo-namespace. If there is no existing thought-out, articulated procedure for creating new pseudo-namespaces, then let's work one out here, and document it on [[{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}]]. If all else fails, I suppose we can track down the people who created pseudo-namespaces such as [[Special:Prefixindex/MOS:|MOS:]], and ask them what, if any, procedure they followed. --[[User:Teratornis|Teratornis]] 02:00, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

:I think I'm missing something here. This index is so deucedly useful that the real question that ought to be asked (perhaps it's already been thrashed to death and I missed it since I don't follow the talk on John's page closely??) is what namespace should this live in? It ought not to live in usernamespace in my view, it ought to be in Wikipedia namespace. In that case i think the need for a new pseudonamespace goes away? ++[[User:Lar|Lar]]: [[User_talk:Lar|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lar|c]] 04:16, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
::Agreed. Move it to Wikipedia namespace. [[WP:EIW]] as a shortcut. There doesn't seem to be a compelling reason to create a new prefix to remember, just for a single page. (?) --[[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] 17:07, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
:::John plans to move his Editor's index to the Wikipedia: namespace when he "finishes" it, perhaps by sometime in November, 2007. For his to-do list, see:
:::*[[User talk:John Broughton/Editor's Index to Wikipedia#Proposed approach]]

=== Restart ===
I seem not to have made my request clear, perhaps because I started by asking a general question before mentioning the specific situation which motivated the question, and because the specific situation is fairly complex (as a mind-numbing read of the talk page discussions I cited above would show). I'm not talking about creating a new pseudo-namespace just to make one shortcut to the whole index, but to create ''many'' shortcuts to headings ''within'' the index. See the part of my question above beginning from: "...adding a large number of shortcuts to the index, to link to major headings." These will be shortcuts that link to anchors ''inside'' the index, for example we have this one:
*[[WP:EITW-Access]]
which links a user to the index heading which says: "Access (limiting):". (That particular shortcut is merely a prototype; it is in the WP: pseudo-namespace. However, we would like to create a new pseudo-namespace so that shortcut could be: EIW:Access.) The index has ''many'' major headings, and we would like to make shortcuts for all of them. What we want to do is similar to what other editors did for the [[MOS:|Manual of style]]. See: [[Special:Prefixindex/MOS:]] - we want to do something like ''that'', with a new EIW: pseudo-namespace. For example, this shortcut:
*[[MOS:ALLCAPS]]
links to the section:
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (capital letters)#All caps]]
** Unfortunately, that section does not include a {{Tl|shortcut}} template that would display the shortcut link for easy copy-and-pasting - perhaps I should fix that. But I digress.
The motivation for creating shortcuts to topic headings in the index is so we can cite them easily, for example when answering questions on the [[WP:HD|Help desk]] or on talk pages. The index is so large that we need to be able to link to particular parts of it, to avoid sending the reader on an arduous process of scrolling and hunting.
Hopefully that clears up what we want to do. We want to make a whole bunch of shortcuts like EIW:Access, EIW:Account, EIW:Admin, EIW:Advert, and on through the whole alphabet. Because we will be making ''so many'' shortcuts, we think grouping them into their own pseudo-namespace is better than piling them into the WP: pseudo-namespace, where they are likely to collide with existing shortcut names (since the index is full of words which also appear throughout the project and help namespaces).
Now, returning to my original question: we feel pretty confident that we know ''what'' to do, but we want to know if there is any agreed-on procedure for creating new pseudo-namespaces. Is this something that anyone can ''[[WP:BOLD|just do]]'', or should we discuss it somewhere first? --[[User:Teratornis|Teratornis]] 18:13, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

:Perhaps I can summarize quickly: the reason for having shortcuts like [[EIW:Privacy]] is so that an editor can point other editors to a ''major topic'' within the index; as in, ''For more information about privacy in Wikipedia, see <nowiki>[[EIW:Privacy|the section in the Editor's Index]]</nowiki>''. Possibly even more useful, assuming the shortcuts are named well, an editor can say to him/herself: "I wonder what there is in the index about maps - I'll type ''EIW:Maps'' into to the search box and take a look at the Editor's Index." -- [[User:John Broughton|John Broughton]] [[User talk:John Broughton |(♫♫)]] 14:46, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
::(I am not a developer/code-guru, but) That should be fine. Tagging them with {{tl|R from shortcut}} will place them in [[:category:Unprintworthy redirects]], so there aren't any mainspace-overlap issues. As nobody has objected, I'd say you can just do it. :) --[[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] 18:46, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

== Index lists - RfC ==

Please see [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 14#Index Lists]], a complex issue which I've tried to summarize. It concerns unsourced pages in mainspace like [[List of timelines]], [[List of basic mathematics topics]], and [[List of film topics]]. Its scope is currently a few hundred pages, and potentially a few thousand pages. Feedback would be appreciated. -- [[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] ([[User talk:Quiddity|talk]]) 19:26, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

== Auxiliary and custom namespaces ==

What are the 17 auxiliary and two custom namespaces? Could we have them added to the article, please? Yours very sincerely, [[User:GeorgeLouis|GeorgeLouis]] ([[User talk:GeorgeLouis|talk]]) 19:48, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

== Triple false intro ==
*"The main namespace, for example, contains all of the Wikipedia articles ever written and all of the past versions of those articles."
** Not the permanently deleted.
*"The user namespace contains the personal pages of all Wikipedians who have created one."
** A can create a personal page for B. Then the namespace does not include a personal page of A (who create a personal page) and on the other hand it includes a personal page for B who didn't create one. Also it does not include permanently deleted ones.
*"This definition [the above + more] applies to all wikis that use the MediaWiki software."
** There are Wikis that do not have any Wikipedians.
[[User:TechControl|TechControl]] ([[User talk:TechControl|talk]]) 22:15, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

== Is the namespace numbering hexidecimal? ==

Apparently, the namespace numbering is hexidecimal because the number goes from 0-15 and then goes to 100 (for Portal namespace). Would it be better if the numbering is changed to hexidecimal format in the chart? (e.g. ns:10 becomes ns:A, ns:15 becomes ns:F). Thanks, -- [[User:Pinkgirl34|Myfavourite]][[User talk:Pinkgirl34|colouris]][[Special:Contributions/Pinkgirl34|pink]] 01:13, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
:Not really, because it doesn't work like that. If you type <nowiki>{{ns:15}}</nowiki> you get '''{{ns:15}}''', but type <nowiki>{{ns:F}}</nowiki> and you just get '''[[Template:Ns:F]]'''.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 09:11, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

:The technical reason that Portal's number is so high is that it is a [[mw:Manual:Using custom namespaces|custom namespace]] rather than one [[mw:Manual:Namespace|built into the software]]. —[[User:Jao|JAO]] • [[User talk:Jao|T]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jao|C]] 15:21, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

==File: "not for sound"?==
[[File:Accordion chords-01.ogg|90px|noicon|left]][[File:Bach BWV 939.ogv|right|120px]]
It says at [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Basic namespaces]]: "<nowiki>[[File:Foobar.jpg]]</nowiki> will insert the image directly into the page ({{Xt|not for sound files}})". It seems to me that it works just as well for sound files: <tt><nowiki>[[File:Accordion chords-01.ogg|90px|noicon|left]]</nowiki></tt> displays a play button. The same is true for [[Ogg]] files: <tt><nowiki>[[File:Bach BWV 939.ogv|right|90px]]</nowiki></tt>.

With MIDI files it seems the behaviour is the opposite to images: <tt><nowiki>[[File:Schumann - Landmann.mid]]</nowiki></tt> gives a link to the File page – [[File:Schumann - Landmann.mid]], but <tt><nowiki>[[Media:Schumann - Landmann.mid]]</nowiki></tt> gives a link which will play the file: [[Media:Schumann - Landmann.mid]].

The documentation here and at [[Wikipedia:Extended image syntax]] should reflect the actual behaviour of the software. -- [[User:Michael Bednarek|Michael Bednarek]] ([[User talk:Michael Bednarek|talk]]) 08:33, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

: Around 2019, developers enhanced [[mw:Extension:Timed Media Handler]] to play MIDI files (behind the scenes, a software synth running on the server "plays" the MIDI file to produce a digital audio file), so the behavior of <tt><nowiki>[[File:</nowiki>''some page''.mid]]</tt> wikilinks changed. It may still be the case that people can upload [[commons:Commons:File_types|media file formats]] that a <tt><nowiki>[[File:</nowiki>''some page''.''SPECIALFORMAT'']]</nowiki></tt> wikilink can't yet render. -- [[User:Skierpage|Skierpage]] ([[User talk:Skierpage|talk]]) 01:47, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

== Proposal to define an alias for the "User talk" namespace ==

There is ongoing discussion '''[[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 59#User talk space abbreviation|here]]''' of a proposal to define "UT:" as an [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Aliases|alias]] for the ''User talk'' [[Wikipedia:Namespace|namespace]]. Comments and participation are welcome. -- '''[[User:Black Falcon|Black Falcon]]''' ([[User talk:Black Falcon|talk]]) 20:33, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

== Thread space? Summary space? ==

When doing a search today, I noticed four options I hadn't seen before:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?namespace=90&tagfilter=&limit=50&title=Special%3ARecentChanges "thread"] '''-''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?namespace=91&tagfilter=&limit=50&title=Special%3ARecentChanges "thread talk"]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?namespace=92&tagfilter=&limit=50&title=Special%3ARecentChanges "summary"] '''-''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?namespace=93&tagfilter=&limit=50&title=Special%3ARecentChanges "summary talk"]

What's up with these? --[[User:A. B.|A. B.]] ([[User talk:A. B.|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/A. B.|contribs]]) 18:48, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
:They're for [[:mw:Extension:LiquidThreads]] (see 2009 Signpost article: [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-10-05/New talk pages]]).
:Test out at http://liquidthreads.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
:Hopefully someone who understands the details, will write something up for this page, before they're actually implemented here. :) -- [[User:Quiddity|Quiddity]] ([[User talk:Quiddity|talk]]) 23:07, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

== Promote to guideline ==
{{Discussion top}}
I'm boldly closing this because, as has been pointed out, it makes no sense for this to be 'promoted' to be a guideline. It gives information, it is not a guide. [[User:Fences and windows|Fences]]&[[User talk:Fences and windows|Windows]] 02:13, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
{{tlx|rfctag|policy}}
I propose promoting this page to a guideline. I previously encountered this page without any identifying header, so I labeled it an information page. I believe it is suitable for becoming a guideline. I am not aware of any other pages which serve as guidelines for what belongs in each namespace. This basic guidance is important to Wikipedia, and should, I think, be contained in a guideline. I expect, since this page has been stable and has existed for a while, that there may not be many content changes required to elevate it, but let's discuss if anything is needed. Regards. --[[User:Bsherr|Bsherr]] ([[User talk:Bsherr|talk]]) 20:21, 25 December 2010 (UTC)
: Why would you want to make it a guideline? I don't understand. The page is informational only, users can't "follow" its advice. It just gives technical details about the namespaces like what sorts of thing are in each one. Placing the guideline banner at the top that says it should be "followed with common sense and occasional exceptions" doesn't fit; it's unlikely a user'd try to create a userpage or upload media into the category namespace; they'd have a hard job doing it. Actually I don't think the information page header is needed either. –[[User talk:Whitehorse1|Whitehorse1]] 13:01, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
::While it may seem obvious, no other page documents as a guideline that the main namespace is for articles and lists, the WIkipedia namespace for project-related pages, the Help namespace for help pages, the template namespace for pages that are transcluded, etc. That's how users would follow its advice. While it's true that some uses of a namespace are technologically precluded, most are not. Does that address your question? --[[User:Bsherr|Bsherr]] ([[User talk:Bsherr|talk]]) 14:53, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
:::I wouldn't object strongly if this page was labelled as a guideline, though it seems to consist mostly of technical information rather than guidance, and it would probably make more sense to label as guidelines the pages which deal with the various individual namespaces. The "guideline-type" content on this page is little more than a summary of the information that's on those individual pages.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 15:38, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
::::Many of the individual namespace pages have the same issue. One solution would be to split the information between the project and help namespaces. --[[User:Bsherr|Bsherr]] ([[User talk:Bsherr|talk]]) 16:23, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

*I for one very strongly oppose this. Can you say '''[[instruction creep]]'''? Guidelines are necessary when, sorry for the tautology, guidance is needed. Exactly what problems do editors commonly have regarding namespace? What solutions can you propose that would adress those problems that is not already covered by the information in the namespace page? If you have answers you are welcome to start [[WP:Namespace guidelines]]. Making the current text a guideline will result in a bastard monster of declarative and normative.[[Special:Contributions/Victor_falk|''walk'']] [[user:victor falk|victor falk]] [[user_talk:victor falk|talk]] 20:51, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
{{Discussion bottom}}

== Disambiguation namespace ==

I've been throwing ideas around at [[WT:Disambiguation]], and am curious about one particular idea. What would it take to create a Disambiguation namespace, specially for dab articles? It would be sort of like the Portal namespace. Dab articles are obviously different than the rest of article space, similar to portals. What are your reactions to this idea? What are the technical pros and cons that I'm not aware of? ...comments? ~[[User:B Fizz|'''B''']]''[[User:B Fizz/F|'''F''']][[User talk:B Fizz|izz]]'' 04:11, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
:The discussion where {{user|B Fizz}} was "throwing ideas around" being [[Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation/Archive 33#Dab page location]]. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 19:51, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

== File-namespace alias ==

There's actually another alias for the ''File'' namespace, which is ''Media'', there's no ''Media talk'' though. Is there a reason, why this isn't mentioned in the alias section? [[User:F. F. Fjodor|F. F. Fjodor]] ([[User talk:F. F. Fjodor|talk]]) 22:54, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
:Found it already on [[Wikipedia:Media_namespace#Virtual_namespaces]]. [[User:F. F. Fjodor|F. F. Fjodor]] ([[User talk:F. F. Fjodor|talk]]) 23:10, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
::Yes, it's not exactly an alias, it's a different way of "linking" to the target page.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 10:34, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

== Integrate pseudo-namespace into alias-namespace ==

Pseudo-namespaces like '''t:''', '''cat:''', '''h:''' and '''p:''' are now in fact alias-namepaces in other Wikipedia like Chinese Wikipedia where I type [[t:navbar]], it links to [[template:navbar]] without the need of extra redirect page. Is there any technical issues that prevent the implement of these shortcut namespaces in English Wikipedia? They're so convenient like '''wp:''' namespace. -- [[User:Sameboat|Sameboat - 同舟]] ([[User talk:Sameboat|talk]]) 03:05, 30 July 2011 (UTC)
:They pollute the namespace. There are many articles (I had the number, and I can re-find it presently) with a : in their names. ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'', 21:32, 16 May 2012 (UTC). 
{|
!Namespace!!Count
|-
|Main||77800
|-
|Talk||33860
|-
|User||23067
|-
|User talk||2291
|-
|Wikipedia||20817
|-
|Wikipedia talk||1795
|-
|File||178
|-
|File talk||1
|-
|MediaWiki||32
|-
|MediaWiki talk||6
|-
|Template||2839
|-
|Template talk||276
|-
|Help||46
|-
|Help talk||10
|-
|Category||1443
|-
|Category talk||325
|-
|Portal||56
|-
|Portal talk||7
|-
|Book||84
|-
|Book talk||81
|-
|}

So 77,800 in mainspace, of which some are cross name-space redirects, of courses. ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'', 22:14, 16 May 2012 (UTC). 

::One person's pollution is another person's treasure. Redirects help wikitext legibility and speed up writing. They don't pollute mainspace pagenames because no article will probably be titling itself something like the typical name such a redirect might take.— [[User:Cpiral|Cpiral]][[User talk:Cpiral|Cpiral]] 23:47, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

:Sameboat, read up on redirects. What you seem to propose is a merge of ''redirects'' and namespace-aliases, because pseudo-namespaces are just plain old, classical redirects. What you want seems to be [[mw:Manual:Using custom namespaces]]. Maybe your wiki has the ''alias'' '''T''', (see [[mw:Help:namespace#Localisation]]) but that is hard-coded if it is a namespace alias, and not wikitext, as is a redirect/pseudo-namespace. There is nothing basically wrong with yet another redirect page. They have negligible impact on performance, and don't pollute the mainspace pagenames.— [[User:Cpiral|Cpiral]][[User talk:Cpiral|Cpiral]] 23:47, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

== FAQ Namespace ==

Where would one petition to have a FAQ namespace added? There are many articles where discussions are endlessly repeated, and calls for merges, deletions, or era changes, etc are repeated by newcomers. A few of the Talk pages I've seen recently have mentioned the desire to have a FAQ page where results of major-change discussions, or results of discussions of questions frequently asked can be placed for easy reference without having to rehash a long discussion all over again on the Talk page. Is there a place at WP where a request for a new namespace could be placed? Many thanks. — [[User:Imeriki al-Shimoni|al-Shimoni]] ([[User talk:Imeriki al-Shimoni|talk]]) 07:51, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

== New #? ==

How come portal namespaces and book namespaces (and their appropriate talk namespaces) have the numbers in the hundreds, instead of Being numbers 16 through 20? Wouldn't that be more efficient?[[User: Drla8th!|Drla8th!]] [[User talk:Drla8th!|(talk)]] 20:10, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
:See [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Programming]] where it states {{tq|The portal and book namespaces (as well as their associated talk namespaces) are numbered in a higher range because they are not standard MediaWiki namespaces}}. Namespaces 0-15 are the same in all languages - numbers 100 up vary between languages. For example, [[:als:Hilf:Namesrüm|the {{ISO 639 name|als}} Wikipedia]] has numbers 100-111 defined; [[:de:Hilfe:Namensräume|the {{ISO 639 name|de}} Wikipedia]] has only 100 & 101 defined. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 20:34, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
::Okay, thanks.[[User: Drla8th!|Drla8th!]] [[User talk:Drla8th!|(talk)]] 20:58, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
::Might be more accurate to say between projects, rather than between languages. ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]]'', 21:31, 16 May 2012 (UTC). 

==Requested move==
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following discussion is an archived discussion of a [[WP:requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section. ''

The result of the move request was: '''Not moved''', perhaps its worth discussing the wider issue on the Village Pump or other venue [[User:Salix alba|Salix]] ([[User talk:Salix alba|talk]]): 19:54, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

----

[[:Wikipedia:Namespace]] → {{no redirect|Help:Namespace}} –
This page explains details of a ''technical feature'' of the MediaWiki software. Though there is much overlap and confusion between the Wikipedia: and Help: namespaces, the general practice is to have such documentation in the Help: space. See for example [[Help:Wiki markup]], [[Help:Category]], [[Help:Searching]], [[Help:Link]]. [[User:the wub|the wub]] [[User_talk:The wub|"?!"]] 13:31, 13 January 2013 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' this doesn't seem like a help page, rather a documentation page, so should exist in WP:space and not Help:space. The provided examples are help-pages, not documentation pages. -- [[Special:Contributions/76.65.128.43|76.65.128.43]] ([[User talk:76.65.128.43|talk]]) 05:06, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

*'''Do larger task first.''' I would think a better delineation between the Wikipedia and Help namespaces would be the first place to start. [[User:Libcub|Libcub]] ([[User talk:Libcub|talk]]) 02:43, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

*'''Needs more detailed analysis.''' So you think details of MediaWiki software technical features belong at Help: namespace? But [[Wikipedia:Page name]] gives more comprehensive information to assist editors, while the much simpler [[Help:Page name]] seems to be intended just for readers. The Help: namespace contents ([[Help:Contents]] or [[WP:HELP]]) underwent a top-level overhaul (see [[Help talk:Contents#RfC: Redesign of Help:Contents|RfC: Redesign of Help:Contents]], the old system is at [[Help:Contents/Browse]]), but I have the impression (I just started looking at this) that some of the lower-level pages are a bit of a mess: some old and some new. There actually used to be a separate [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Namespace&oldid=295579745 Help:Namespace page, 10 June 2009] until June 2009, when it was redirected here. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help_talk%3ANamespace&diff=295612098&oldid=234213871 Proposed here], merged a couple days later. [[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 03:14, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per IP. This is more documentation than a (how-to-ish) help page. I do think there are a fair number of W-space pages that should be moved to H space, but this isn't one of them. --[[User:BDD|BDD]] ([[User talk:BDD|talk]]) 18:29, 11 February 2013 (UTC)
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[WP:RM|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a [[WP:move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section.''</div>

== Add more info about Module: namespace ==

Since we have now deployed ‎Scribunto, we should probably add some more information about the ''Module:'' namespace <nowiki>{{ns:828}}</nowiki>. I would have been bold and updated it myself, but it is semi-protected. Cheers. [[Special:Contributions/64.40.54.86|64.40.54.86]] ([[User talk:64.40.54.86|talk]]) 14:42, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

== Pseudo-namespace section edited ==

{{Diff|Wikipedia:Namespace|550367273|550270826|I edited the pseudo-namespace material.}}

I start the section off with how to get a list of real namespace,
then go to how to get a the list of pseudo namespace shortcuts.
I then go on to explain the usefulness.
I mention redirects and shortcuts, but don't even begin to explain how things work,
as it is complex and lengthy, and I removed that addition I tentatively made.
I also removed the existing mention about the "validity" of using the shortcuts in a search box for the same reason.
Finally, I clarified the transwiki stuff. — [[User:Cpiral|Cpiral]][[User talk:Cpiral|Cpiral]] 21:18, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2013 September 10#CSD:G1]] ==

A new pseudo-namespace prefix for the [[WP:Criteria for speedy deletion]] has been unilaterally created, and is now subject to a deletion discussion. Apparently this is the place where people interested in such things happen to be. You are invited to join the discussion. [[User:Kephir|Keφr]] 10:25, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

== Notification of RfC: Should [[CSD:]] be an exception to the immunity of pseudo-namespaces to deletion? ==

There is an ongoing [[WP:RfC|RfC]] going on at [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/CSD pseudo-namespace]] that anyone visiting this page may be interested in. [[User:Technical 13|Technical 13]] ([[User talk:Technical 13|talk]]) 16:55, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

==Subject namespace==
See [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)/Archive 120#At_last:_a_word_for_non-talk_namespaces|this]] at [[WP:VPT]]. About using the word "Subjectspace" instead of "Non-talkspace" (ouch) or "Basic namespace". -[[User:DePiep|DePiep]] ([[User talk:DePiep|talk]]) 16:43, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 112#RFC: On the controversy of the pseudo-namespace shortcuts|Pseudo-namespace Redirects]] ==

There is currently an RFC opened at the village pump to clarify current consensus and policies about the controversial pseudo-namespace redirects that you might want to participate in. [[User:TeleComNasSprVen|TeleComNasSprVen]] ([[User talk:TeleComNasSprVen|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TeleComNasSprVen|contribs]]) 23:52, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
==Discuss recent changes in pseuo-namespace==
{{anchor|discuss}}I disagree with the recent changes to the pseudo-namespaces section. The redefinitions (!) might not be appropriate. Reverting might be appropriate. -[[User:DePiep|DePiep]] ([[User talk:DePiep|talk]]) 05:49, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
:What exactly do you disagree with? What was "redefined"? By the way, I am confused by the RfC linked to in the section above this. It borders on "too long, didn't read". Would be helpful if someone could clearly state what we are expected to comment on. All I see is that there have been many past discussions on this topic. [[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 13:05, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 9 July 2014 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=yes}}


[...]


[[User:Inkdexter|Inkdexter]] ([[User talk:Inkdexter|talk]]) 12:17, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=]] '''Not done:''' this is the [[WP:TP|talk page]] for discussing improvements to the page [[:Wikipedia:Namespace]]. Please make your request at the talk page for the article concerned. — {{U|[[User:Technical 13|Technical 13]]}} ([[Special:EmailUser/Technical 13|e]] • [[User talk:Technical 13|t]] • [[Special:Contribs/Technical 13|c]]) 12:27, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
::content of request removed per [[WP:SOAP]] --[[User:Francis Schonken|Francis Schonken]] ([[User talk:Francis Schonken|talk]]) 13:01, 9 July 2014 (UTC)]

== Tools alias (tools:) ==

We have an alias called <nowiki>[[tools:]]</nowiki> ([[tools:]]) and it goes to a dead site. toolserver.org has moved to tools.wmflabs.org .. is it possible to update the alias? It won't break anything since the alias is currently broken. -- [[User:Green Cardamom|'''Green''']][[User_talk:Green Cardamom|'''C''']] 00:39, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

:Also posted at [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#Tools_alias_.28tools:.29]] -- [[User:Green Cardamom|'''Green''']][[User_talk:Green Cardamom|'''C''']] 00:42, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
::Per [[WP:MULTI]], answered at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 137#Tools alias (tools:)]]. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 09:26, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 9 September 2015 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=y}}

Jitin Kumar

[[User:Jitin817|Jitin817]] ([[User talk:Jitin817|talk]]) 08:25, 9 September 2015 (UTC)
:{{Not done}} as you have not requested a change, but I suspect you have misunderstood the purpose of this page, which is to discuss improvements to [[Wikipedia:Namespace]], not somewhere to write your name. If you want to suggest a change, please request this in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ". Given the nature of this page, you will also need to reach consensus before any significant changes are implemented. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 09:27, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

== Template pseudo-namespace not working ==

At [[WP:Namespaces#Pseudo-namespaces]], it says that the prefix "T:" brings you to the same page's equivalent at "Template:" But I just tried this several times and it doesn't work. E.g. [[T:United Kingdom in the European Union]] does not go to [[Template:United Kingdom in the European Union]]. Anyone know what's going on? '''''[[User:Jujutsuan|Jujutsuan]]''''' (Please notify with {{[[Template:re|re]]}} | [[User talk:Jujutsuan|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jujutsuan|contribs]]) 11:01, 26 June 2016 (UTC)
:{{Re|Jujutsuan}} That's why it's called a ''pseudo''-namespace – The alias '''T''' for '''Template''' ''does not'' work like the aliases '''WP''' for '''Wikipedia''', and '''WT''' for '''Wikipedia talk'''. Every page beginning with '''T:''' is actually in main (article) space, and that's why their use is so restricted. The project consensus is to maintain only a very limited use of these pseudo-namespace cross-namespace redirects. See [[:Category:Cross-namespace redirects]], and more specifically, [[:Category:Redirects to template from non-template namespace]]. If T: worked like WP: does, then we couldn't have an article with the title ''[[T: The New York Times Style Magazine]]'' and we would need to use {{tl|correct title}} to explain the correct title of that article. – [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 22:19, 4 September 2016 (UTC)
::For example, {{no redirect|T:DYK}} redirects to [[Template:Did you know]]. That redirect in in mainspace, not template space. [[User:Wbm1058|wbm1058]] ([[User talk:Wbm1058|talk]]) 22:23, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 30 June 2016 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=y}}



[[Special:Contributions/2.29.100.169|2.29.100.169]] ([[User talk:2.29.100.169|talk]]) 13:43, 30 June 2016 (UTC)
:{{Not done}} as you have not requested a change, but I suspect you are in the wrong place, as this page is only to discuss improvements to [[Wikipedia:Namespace]]. If you want to suggest a change, please request this on the talk page of the relevant article in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ". Please also cite [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to back up your request, without which no information should be added to, or changed in, any article. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 13:51, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 8 September 2016 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=y}}

[[User:Dixit Prajapati|Dixit Prajapati]] ([[User talk:Dixit Prajapati|talk]]) 09:41, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
:{{Not done}} as you have not requested a change, but I suspect you are in the wrong place, as this page is only to discuss improvements to [[Wikipedia:Namespace]]. - [[User:Arjayay|Arjayay]] ([[User talk:Arjayay|talk]]) 09:45, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 14 March 2018 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=yes}}
[[Special:Contributions/119.160.99.216|119.160.99.216]] ([[User talk:119.160.99.216|talk]]) 21:41, 14 March 2018 (UTC)
:[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate. You have not made any request. [[User:Eggishorn|Eggishorn]] [[User talk:Eggishorn|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Eggishorn|(contrib)]] 21:49, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 30 May 2018 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=yes}}
[[Special:Contributions/105.239.227.167|105.239.227.167]] ([[User talk:105.239.227.167|talk]]) 22:37, 30 May 2018 (UTC)
:[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate. [[User:Abote2|Abote2]] ([[User talk:Abote2|talk]]) 23:06, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

== default search ==

It seems that by default, search only searches the main article namespace. Often enough, maybe more often, I want to search WP:, to figure out how to do something. I would like the default to be both main space and WP:. It seems that neither this page, nor [[WP:Search]] explains that one. I suppose I wouldn't mind if the default search was all namespaces, but I don't see that, either. [[User:Gah4|Gah4]] ([[User talk:Gah4|talk]]) 02:44, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

== Topic Namespace Not Turned Off? ==
Doc says
"Previously, the Topic namespace was available for the Flow project but it has since been turned off on this wiki."

However, i noticed the Topic namespace on my wiki (v1.30) after installing Flow.

Confused!
— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Johnywhy|Johnywhy]] ([[User talk:Johnywhy#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Johnywhy|contribs]]) 19 June 2018 (UTC)
: Your wiki is not "this wiki". "This wiki" is the English Wikipedia. The sentence you quote is only talking about the English Wikipedia. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ([[User talk:Dcljr|talk]]) 05:32, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
: Ok, thx. [[User:Johnywhy|Johnywhy]] ([[User talk:Johnywhy|talk]]) 03:49, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 11 October 2018 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Wikipedia:Namespace|answered=yes}}
[[Special:Contributions/180.251.124.219|180.251.124.219]] ([[User talk:180.251.124.219|talk]]) 06:42, 11 October 2018 (UTC)
:This edit request is empty. If you would like to make a change, please state specifically the change you request. [[User:Station1|Station1]] ([[User talk:Station1|talk]]) 06:47, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

== Who reads which namespace? ==

If you've ever been curious whether logged-out users read a given namespace, then please see https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211142

For example, 1 in 120 page views in the mainspace is a logged-in user, but a majority of page views in the draft space are editors. [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 20:59, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
:Great info!!--[[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 23:05, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

==New namespace for video==
A few of use have been making video scripts that than compile into videos. Wondering about getting a "Video" namespace for the scripts? Example are:

*[[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cancer]]
*[[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Typhoid fever]]
*[[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Gout]]
*[[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Dengue fever]]

[[User:Doc James|'''Doc James''']] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 07:23, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
::Moving discussion [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#Video_Wikipedia:Namespace here] [[User:Doc James|'''Doc James''']] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 04:23, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

==VPT discussion on converting pseudo-namespaces to aliases==
[[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|15px|link=|alt=]] You are invited to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)#Converting pseudo-namespaces to aliases]]. {{u|[[User:Sdkb|'''Sdkb''']]}} [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 23:13, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

== Explain the effect of initial colon ==

I see wikitext with links to pages in other namespaces and to pages on other wikis with a colon in front of the namespace or interwiki, and I'm not sure what this does. The only explanation I can find here is
: When making links to other language Wikipedias, remember to add an initial colon if the link is intended to appear inline.
It's hard to "remember" what has not been explained. Here's a link to another language wiki without an initial colon [[fr:Discussion:Londres]], vs. with an initial colon [[:fr:Discussion:Londres]]; I don't see any difference -- [[User:Skierpage|Skierpage]] ([[User talk:Skierpage|talk]]) 10:40, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
:{{replyto|Skierpage}} Some kinds of links don't actually make a link but cause another action; for these, adding an initial colon will cause a normal link to be made. There are three types of these:
:*<code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png]]</nowiki></code> displays the image (or other media) named Example.png, but <code><nowiki>[[:File:Example.png]]</nowiki></code> makes a normal link to the file description page
:*<code><nowiki>[[Category:Example]]</nowiki></code> puts a page into a category named Example, but <code><nowiki>[[:Category:Example]]</nowiki></code> makes a normal link to the category page
:*<code><nowiki>[[fr:Example]]</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>[[:fr:Example]]</nowiki></code> both make a link to the French page named Example, but when the initial colon is omitted on non-talk pages, the link is placed in the left sidebar instead of inline.
:Your demonstration above, using <code><nowiki>[[fr:Discussion:Londres]]</nowiki></code>, is used on a talk page so it is displayed inline. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 12:01, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
::{{replyto|Redrose64}} Thank you! It's easy to forget about the special namespace behaviors until MediaWiki ''doesn't'' do what you want 😉. I {{Diff|Wikipedia:Namespace|957666682|957662078|added a subsection #Use an initial colon to disable some namespace functionality}} based on what you wrote, I hope it's an improvement. Cheers. -- [[User:Skierpage|Skierpage]] ([[User talk:Skierpage|talk]]) 23:57, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
:::I'm not sure its particularly necessary, as it pertains to links rather than namespaces. Btw there is a help page: [[Help:Colon trick]]. And the main help for links is at [[Help:Link]]. Maybe the best thing is to link that text to [[Help:Colon trick]] instead? [[User:Mrjulesd|--Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 00:24, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
::::{{diff|Wikipedia:Namespace|prev|957666230|This edit}} gives the impression that a colon is necessary when making a link to ''any'' other namespace, not just the two that have special behaviour. It also implies that when making a link from a page in Category: or File: namespace to another in the ''same'' namespace, the colon isn't required. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 07:46, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
::::: {{replyto|Redrose64}} Why don't you [[WP:SOFIXIT|just improve it]] then? After all, it was based on your explanation in the first place. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ([[User talk:Dcljr|talk]]) 18:55, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
::::::If I can't explain it properly here, what kind of chance have I got explaining on the ''real'' page? --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 19:12, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Anyway I've removed that section, and instead linked it to [[Help:Colon trick]] were there is a good explanation. I've also made the namespace linking descriptions simpler. [[User:Mrjulesd|--Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 20:01, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

== Request for comment: Page move nomination ==

Due to the fact that this page is a how to guide, It should be moved to Help:Namespaces with a redirect. -- [[User:PythonSwarm|PythonSwarm]] [[User talk:PythonSwarm|Talk]] | [[Special:Contribs/PythonSwarm|Contribs]] | [[Special:CentralAuth/PythonSwarm|Global]] 01:10, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|PythonSwarm}}, this is '''almost''' a [[WP:RM|requested move]] discussion. [[User:I dream of horses|I dream of horses]] [[Special:Contribs/I dream of horses|(Contribs)]] Please [[WP:NOTIFY|notify]] me after replying off my [[User talk:I dream of horses|talk page.]] Thank you. 02:34, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
=== Discussion ===
*'''Opposed''' really only seeing infomation here rather then how to do something.--[[User_talk:Moxy|Moxy]] 🍁 03:04, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' (Called forth by bot) This is not a help page, it does fine in the Wikipedia namespace. We try to keep only the most relevant things in the help namespace so that our experienced hands can easily find things by searching something like "WP:NAMESPACE". I wouldn't think to search "Help:Namespace", because help pages are not really built for our experienced hands, and I don't think this page is meant as a starter guide. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 04:18, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
*'''opposed''' This page is more than a help page. It fits this namespace well. [[User:Philoserf|—¿philoserf?]] ([[User talk:Philoserf|talk]]) 22:48, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This page is more about the guidelines we have established for the use of namespaces on Wikipedia, than about how namespaces work within our software. --[[User:Bsherr|Bsherr]] ([[User talk:Bsherr|talk]]) 04:02, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''', this is almost entirely a help page, and I believe these should ideally placed in the Help namespace. Almost all of it is about the technical aspects of namespaces, and there is very little policy discussion or commentary. --[[User:Mrjulesd|--Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 20:59, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

== Topic namespace ==

I know the Topic namespace is not on the English Wikipedia, but it is on other wikis, like the Russian Wikipedia. Why is the ID for the Topic namespace 2600? Shouldn't it be -3, because it has no talk page, so it is a virtual namespace? [[User:Gioguch|Gioguch]] ([[User talk:Gioguch|talk]]) 18:20, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{replyto|Gioguch}} We don't know, we don't set these values. Try asking at [[meta:]]. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 20:27, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
::{{replyto|Redrose64}} I tried asking at meta, no response. What next? Also, if you were here when Wikipedia had the topic namespace, do you know what format it is written in? [[User:Gioguch|Gioguch]] ([[User talk:Gioguch|talk]]) 20:55, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
:::You only asked [[m:Special:Diff/20486091|two days ago]]. That page has fewer than thirty watchers, and was last edited nearly ''fifteen years'' ago. At any one time Meta has far fewer people than Wikipedia who are logged in; so responses are bound to take longer. You may get quicker response at [[m:Tech]] which has more than 350 watchers. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 22:09, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
::::Look I think the solution is that just because the topic namespace doesn't have a paired subject page it doesn't mean its a virtual namespaces. Virtual namespaces either are not editable in the usual fashion (Special:) or an alias for direct links to media files (Media:). They both happen to not have talk pages, but that is not the reason they're considered "virtual". All talk pages are non-virtual, as they are directly editable and not aliases, and "Topic:" is no exception. [[User:Mrjulesd|Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 07:23, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
::::And for an example see [[mw:Manual talk:FAQ]], its a Topic: page even though its named "Discussion". [[User:Mrjulesd|Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 07:30, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
:Pinging {{Ping|Jdforrester (WMF)}}, who probably knows the answer to this. --[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]] ([[User talk:Yair rand|talk]]) 07:43, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
:: {{ping|Yair rand}} Negative namespaces are built-in special ones for MediaWiki (Special: and Media:, specifically). Locally-configured namespaces like Topic: aren't special, they're normal, and trying to register them as negative would break lots of things in subtle, un-fixable ways that I can't predict but can foresee. Namespaces don't need to have an associated Talk: equivalent, whether or not they're built-in 'special' ones. Also, please don't summon people for random tech questions. Ask in [[mw:Help_talk:Namespaces|the appropriate venue]], on MediaWiki.org where technical work happens, in future please. :-) [[User:Jdforrester (WMF)|Jdforrester (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Jdforrester (WMF)|talk]]) 15:57, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
::: {{ping|Mrjulesd}} It doesn't appear to me that Topic namespaces can be edited in the normal way. Most pages have the edit button on top, Topic pages do not. It doesn't even show you the source. If you go to mw:Special:Editpage/Special:Random/topic, it will not show you the topic page's source. This makes me think that it's not written in wikitext and cannot be edited normally. [[User:Gioguch|Gioguch]] ([[User talk:Gioguch|talk]]) 02:39, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
:::: OK maybe not edited in the normal way, but directly edited though. Still I think you've got you answer among the comments here, especially since its not a built in NS (namespace) but is installed through the [[mw:Extension:StructuredDiscussions]]; in that case it could break the software to give it a negative NS. You may also be interested in [[mw:Extension default namespaces]] which lists the various NS and their numbers. It says "2 namespaces have negative indexes and have special purposes. You cannot create or delete pages in these namespaces, and there are no corresponding discussion namespaces." Really its down to the people who wrote Extension:StructuredDiscussions which NS number is assigned. [[User:Mrjulesd|Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 03:19, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
::::: {{ping|Mrjulesd}} Ok, thank you for your help! [[User:Gioguch|Gioguch]] ([[User talk:Gioguch|talk]]) 04:28, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

== NS 4 ==

I have a question about namespaces, specifically the project namespace and how that is configured across projects. How is it configured that any project namespace (e.g. Wikipedia) is a namespace prefix on the project itself but an interwiki link on other projects? For example, <code>Wikipedia:</code> is the project namespace on Wikipedia, however, on Wiktionary, for example, <code>Wikipedia:</code> creates a link to Wikipedia, just like how [[w:]] redirects to the Main Page for this reason. I have noticed that on every project, the project namespace is the name of the project (except for MediaWiki, which uses project because MediaWiki is an interface page prefix.) Is there a way the settings are configured? [[User:Gioguch|Gioguch]] ([[User talk:Gioguch|talk]]) 02:45, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

: Short answer, through [[Mediawiki]] configuration! But a longer answer is:
:* The system variable [[mw:Manual:$wgMetaNamespace]] can be altered to give the name of the project NS, or [[mw:Manual:$wgSitename]]; see [[mw:Manual:Configuration settings]] for info on config settings.
:* Interwiki linking is via a table held in the Mediawiki database for a particular installation; it's somewhat complex, but it's described at [[mw:Manual:Interwiki]] and [[mw:Manual:Database access]]. [[User:Mrjulesd|Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 18:32, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
:{{ec}} Namespaces 4 and 5 are <code>Project:</code> and <code>Project talk:</code> on all wikis; each wiki normally sets up one or more local aliases for each of these. For example, [[Project:Namespace]], [[Wikipedia:Namespace]], and [[WP:Namespace]] on this wiki are all valid links to exactly the same page; similarly, [[c:Project:FAQ]], [[c:Commons:FAQ]] and [[c:COM:FAQ]] are all valid links to exactly the same page on Commons; and [[m:Project:About]] and [[m:Meta:About]] are both valid links to exactly the same page on Meta. --[[User:Redrose64|Redrose64]] 🌹 ([[User talk:Redrose64|talk]]) 18:33, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

== Possible 2 new namespaces we can add ==

I might add a proposal/rfc if this is allowed, but what if we can add 2 new namespaces called <code>Forum:</code> and <code>Thread:</code>? It can be useful for storing about the general subject and not about the page. There is also an extension called WikiForum too.

=== How it can work ===
Essentially we can take a page, like the [[Main Page]] for example. We then make a forum page called <code>Forum:Main Page</code> that will contain a list of threads related to [[Main Page]]

Here's an example of what it might look like:

<big>Forum:Main Page </big> 
<code>[[Thread:I like this page]]</code> 
<code>[[Thread:I like the featured article]]</code> 

We might possibly add restrictions to threads (ex. no thread spam, off-topic threads removal, etc.) and add user rights related to forums and threads (possible ones like forum admins)

If this ideas not rejected, I might make an RfC for this sort of subject, as i'd like to see a forum feature in Wikipedia.

Off-topic note: We can make a new namespace for disambiguation pages

[[User:GeometryDashFan12|a gd fan]] ([[User talk:GeometryDashFan12|talk]]) 20:03, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
hwllo? [[User:GeometryDashFan12|a gd fan]] ([[User talk:GeometryDashFan12|talk]]) 18:22, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

:Hi GeometryDashFan12. I think you're talking about [[mw:Extension:WikiForum]]. Well it would be a possible addition, and we do have present forums at [[WP:VP]]. Well I've absolutely no idea how currently viable it would be to use it, how good or stable it currently is, or whether it would be an improvement. However I do think it pretty unlikely that it would be accepted by the community. The present system works fine, is popular, and to some extent entrenched in the wp mindset. There was a recent attempt to replace the current talk page system with [[mw:Structured Discussions]], but it was roundly rejected by the community here. Also I note that Structured Discussions is no longer being developed. So the chance that other talk-page like systems being accepted is pretty low, and will suffer the same fate as Structured Discussions. I suppose if you feel strongly about it you could bring it up at [[WP:VP/T]], but I think your chances of success are minimal so I don't particularly advise it. --[[User:Mrjulesd|Jules]] [[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 20:20, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

== RIP Gadget talk: Invention, Travel, & Adventure ==

GOOD NIGHT SWEET PRINCE

YOU WILL BE MISSED
/-_-\
/ / \
/ / \
\ \ /
\__\__/
\\
-\\ ____
\\ / /
____ \\/___/
\ \ -//
\___\//-
-//
\\
//
//-
-//
//
\\
\\
[[User:JPxG|jp]]×[[Special:Contributions/JPxG|g]][[User talk:JPxG|🗯️]] 07:42, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Observer:Namespace

2024-04-09T06:03:47Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Short description|Prefix before a page's name}}
{{dablink|"WP:NS" redirects here. You may be looking for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nova Scotia]].}}
{{redirects here|WP:NSPACE|the notability guideline on astronomical objects|Wikipedia:Notability (astronomical objects)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infopage|WP:NS|WP:NSPACE|style=margin:1.0em auto;}}
{{Namespaces}}

A Wikipedia '''namespace''' is a set of Wikipedia pages whose [[Help:page name|names]] begin with a particular reserved word recognized by the [[MediaWiki]] software (followed by a colon). For example, in the ''user namespace'' all titles begin with the prefix ''User:''. In the case of the article (or main) namespace, in which encyclopedia articles appear, the reserved word and colon are absent. (Note: main space articles can optionally include a colon at the beginning with no reserved word, so <code>[<nowiki/>[Article]]</code> and <code>[<nowiki/>[:Article]]</code> are equivalent. This is usually only necessary for the advanced technique of [[WP:Transclusion|transcluding]] a main space article into a page in another namespace.)

Wikipedia has 30 current namespaces: 14 subject namespaces, 14 corresponding talk namespaces, and 2 virtual namespaces. These are all listed in the box to the right. While surfing Wikipedia, a list of namespaces is available in two clicks: do an empty search, then click ''Advanced'' under the search box. The list also makes itself available where needed in the dropdown menus of, for example, [[Special:Prefixindex]], [[Special:Allpages]], [[Special:Recentchanges]], and [[Special:Contributions]].

The aliases '''WP''' for '''Wikipedia''', and '''WT''' for '''Wikipedia talk''', work for page names in the search box, and making links as well as inclusions. See [[#Aliases|Aliases]] below for other aliases. (The pseudo-namespaces such as '''H''' for '''Help''', and '''CAT''' for '''Category''', are extremely limited. See ''[[#Pseudo-namespaces|Pseudo-namespaces]]'' below.)

The table on the right shows what number to use when you want to hide pages that are on your watchlist. See: [[Wikipedia:Hide Pages in Watchlist]] for details.

Previously, the Topic namespace was available for the [[Wikipedia:Flow|Flow project]] but it has since been turned off on this wiki.

== Subject namespaces ==
{{see|Wikipedia:Administration#Data structure and development}}
[[File:Policies and guidelines indicator.png|thumb|350px|This page is in the [[Wikipedia:Project namespace|Wikipedia namespace]].]]
Namespaces allow for the organization and separation of [[Wikipedia:Administration#Content namespaces|content pages]] from [[Wikipedia:Administration#Administrative namespaces|administration pages]]. Namespaces separate data into core sets, those intended for public viewing, and those intended for the editing community. Wikipedia's subject namespaces and their functions are listed below. A brief description is provided, but see the link for more information.

{{anchor|subjectpage}}A namespace is sometimes called a ''space'', for short, as in "Project space". A ''subject page'' and its ''talk page'' form a pair.


===Current namespaces===
* '''[[Wikipedia:Main namespace|Main namespace]]''' (no prefix): contains all encyclopedia articles, lists, [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|disambiguation pages]], and encyclopedia [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]]. Sometimes referred to as "mainspace" or "Article".
* '''[[Wikipedia:User namespace|User namespace]]''' (prefix '''User:'''): contains user pages and other pages created by individual users for their own personal use. Pages under this namespace can still be viewed and modified by others, so do not keep any of your sensitive data here.
* '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia namespace|Wikipedia namespace]]''' or '''[[Wikipedia:Project namespace|Project namespace]]''' (prefix '''Wikipedia:'''): contains many types of pages connected with the Wikipedia project itself: information, policies, guidelines, essays, processes, discussion, etc. [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Aliases|Namespace aliases]]: '''WP:''' or '''Project:'''
*{{anchor|File|File namespace}}'''[[Wikipedia:File namespace|File namespace]]''' (prefix '''File:'''): contains [[Help:File description page|description pages for media files]] (images, videos, and audio files). A link starting with <code><nowiki>[[File:</nowiki></code> will display the media at that position on the page instead of showing a wikilink that leads to the specified file description page, so if you want the latter effect, use a link beginning with <code><nowiki>[[:File:</nowiki></code> (the [[Help:Colon trick|colon trick]]). Namespace alias: '''Image:'''
* '''[[Help:MediaWiki namespace|MediaWiki namespace]]''' (prefix '''MediaWiki:'''): a namespace containing interface texts, such as the links and messages that appear on automatically generated pages. Pages in this namespace are permanently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected]] against editing by regular users. For a list of these messages, see [[Special:AllMessages]]. (The prefix ''cannot'' be shortened to "MW" because '''mw''' is an interwiki prefix. See ''[[#Interwiki links|Interwiki links]]'' below.)
* '''[[Wikipedia:Template namespace|Template namespace]]''' (prefix '''Template:'''): contains templates – pages that are intended primarily to be [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] or [[Wikipedia:Substitution|substituted]] onto other pages to insert standard text or boxes such as infoboxes and navigation boxes.
* '''[[WP:Help namespace|Help namespace]]''' (prefix '''Help:'''): contains pages which provide help in using Wikipedia and its software, both for users of the encyclopedia and for editors.
* '''[[Wikipedia:Category namespace|Category namespace]]''' (prefix '''Category:'''): contains category pages, which are curated lists of related pages and subcategories, along with optional additional text. A link beginning with <code><nowiki>[[Category:</nowiki></code> has the effect of adding the page the link appears on to the specified category; it will not result in a wikilink to the category page itself. If you want the latter, use the [[Help:Colon trick|colon trick]]: <code><nowiki>[[:Category:</nowiki></code>.
* '''[[Wikipedia:Portal namespace|Portal namespace]]''' (prefix '''Portal:'''): for reader-oriented portals that help readers find articles related to a specific topic, and may contain links to encourage contributions to relevant [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProjects]]. See, for example, [[Portal:Cricket]] and [[Portal:Spaceflight]].
* '''[[Wikipedia:Draft namespace|Draft namespace]]''' (prefix '''Draft:'''): hosts drafts of new (potential) Wikipedia articles.
* '''[[mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler|TimedText namespace]]''' (prefix '''TimedText:'''): synchronized subtitles for media files.
* '''[[Wikipedia:Module namespace|Module namespace]]''' (prefix '''Module:'''): contains [[mw:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] modules – Lua scripts implementing special-purpose [[mw:Manual:Parser functions|parser functions]] for use in templates, beyond the [[Help:Magic words#Parser functions|basic set]] included with MediaWiki and its [[mw:Extensions FAQ|extensions]].

===Former namespaces===
The following namespaces previously existed but no longer do:

*'''[[Wikipedia:Flow|Flow namespace]]''' (prefix '''Topic:''') was a proposed talk page replacement, formerly installed on English Wikipedia by [[mw:Extension:StructuredDiscussions|Extension:StructuredDiscussions]]. It is no longer installed after being rejected by the community.
* '''[[Wikipedia:Course pages|Education Program namespace]]''' (prefix '''Education Program:'''): uninstalled in 2018, and replaced with the [[wmfdashboard:|Programs & Events Dashboard]].<ref>[https://outreach.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Education/News/January_2018/Education_Extension_scheduled_shutdown Education_Extension_scheduled_shutdown, Wikimedia outreach]</ref><ref>{{Section link|Wikipedia:Education noticeboard/Archive 18#NOTICE:_EducationProgram extension is being deprecated}}</ref> However, the namespace was re-added later that year to allow access to old talk pages in the Education program talk: namespace. The namespace was then uninstalled again in 2021 after the remaining talk pages were moved to subpages of [[Wikipedia talk:Education program archive]].
* '''[[Wikipedia:Books|Book namespace]]''' (prefix '''Book:'''): contained entries for Wikipedia books, collections of articles about one theme, which were used to generate downloadable files or printable documents or order books from PediaPress. In 2017, the online book rendering service was withdrawn, leading to the removal of most links leading to the namespace in 2019. The namespace and its transclusions were still retained in the hope that the WMF would come up with a solution,<ref>{{Section link|Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 176|Suppress rendering of Template:Wikipedia books}}</ref> but in 2021 the namespace was uninstalled after all remaining books were moved to subpages of [[Wikipedia:Books/archive]].
* '''Gadget namespace''' (prefix '''Gadget:'''):<ref>{{Section link|Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 139#New "Gadget:" and "Gadget definition:" namespaces?}}</ref> was intended to store [[Wikipedia:Gadget|Gadgets]], which are small [[Snippet (programming)|snippets]] enabled in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|user preferences]], but was never used for anything other than redirects to the video game ''[[Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure]]'', and for most of its existence could only be edited by WMF staff. Gadgets currently use the [[Help:MediaWiki namespace|MediaWiki namespace]] with the ''MediaWiki:Gadget-'' page name prefix. It was a [[mw:Manual:Using custom namespaces|custom namespace]] installed by the [[mw:Extension:Gadgets|Gadget extension]].
* '''Gadget definition namespace''' (prefix '''Gadget definition:'''): installed but never used; see above for more information. Gadget definitions currently use the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]] page.

===Aliases and pseudo-namespaces===
{{redirect|Wikipedia:Alias|template parameter aliases|Help:Template#Handling parameters}}
An ''alias'' of a namespace is its namespace. For example, '''WP:''' is '''Wikipedia:''', and so
<code><nowiki>[[</nowiki>Wikipedia:[[WP:Page name|''Page name'']]]]</code> can be abbreviated <code><nowiki>[[WP:</nowiki>[[WP:Page name|''Page name'']]]]</code>.
See ''[[#Aliases|Aliases]]'' below, for a list of aliases, such as '''WT:''' for '''Wikipedia talk:'''.
A ''pseudo-namespace'' is an agreement to create redirect pages named that way, each of which
is a shortcut from mainspace to ''a single page in its namespace''.
So an alias refers to ''any page in its namespace'', but a pseudo-namespace has far fewer pages than its real namespace.
There are a few pseudo-namespace names like '''H:''' for '''Help:''', and '''CAT:''' for '''Category:''', and these can be discovered below in the section ''[[#Pseudo-namespaces|Pseudo-namespaces]]''.

== Talk namespaces==
{{shortcut|WP:TALKSPACE}}
{{main|Help:Using talk pages|Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines}}
Each of the above namespaces (but not the virtual namespaces and the former Topic: namespace) has an associated [[help:talk page|talk namespace]]—these are also known as ''discussion pages''. The talk namespaces are designated by appending the word <code>talk</code> to the namespace name. For example, the talk namespace associated with the user namespace has the prefix '''User talk:'''. The talk namespace associated with the article namespace is '''Talk:'''.

Most of the pages in the talk namespaces are used to discuss changes to the corresponding page in the associated namespace. Pages in the ''user talk'' namespace are used to leave messages for a particular user. The user talk namespace is special in that, whenever a user's talk page is edited, that user will see an orange box saying "You have new messages" on the top of every page that they view until they visit their talk page. By default, logged-in users will see [[Wikipedia:Notifications|a red notification square]] ''and'' a small orange box on the top right hand corner of the page; IP users will only see a wide orange box spanning the top of the page. (Minor edits made by [[Wikipedia:Bot policy|bots]] no longer set off the new message bar. For logged-in users, the new-message bar may be disabled in [[Special:Preferences]].)

Note that the prefix '''WT:''' expands to '''Wikipedia talk:''', just as '''WP:''' expands to '''Wikipedia:''' (see [[#Aliases|Aliases]] below). For example, <nowiki>[[WT:Verifiability]]</nowiki> links to [[Wikipedia talk:Verifiability]].

== Virtual namespaces ==
In addition to subject namespaces, and their corresponding talk pages, there are two virtual namespaces (without corresponding talk pages) for specialist purposes:

=== Special ===
{{main|Help:Special page}}
The ''Special:'' namespace consists of pages (called ''special pages'') that are created by the software on demand, such as [[Special:RecentChanges]]. These pages can be linked as usual, as with <nowiki>[[Special:RecentChanges]]</nowiki>, except when they have parameters. To use parameters, the full URL must be given as an external link. For example, https:{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}/index.php?title=Special:Recentchanges&days=3&limit=10, which returns the last ten changes in the last three days.

You can create a [[Wikipedia:redirect|redirect]] to a Special page, but the redirect will not be followed automatically.

For a list of special pages, see [[Special:SpecialPages]].

{{anchor|Media|Media namespace}}

=== Media ===
{{Main|Help:Files}}
The ''Media:'' namespace can be used to link directly to a file, rather than to the file description page.

== Aliases and pseudo-namespaces==
{{See|Wikipedia:Shortcut#List of prefixes}}
Aliases and pseudo-namespaces are not namespaces in themselves; their main role is to provide handy ways to link to actual namespaces, by providing shortened links.

The main difference between them being the way they work for this purpose; while aliases directly link to namespaces, pseudo-namespaces can only link to other namespaces by using specialist [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirect pages]] in the main namespace called [[Wikipedia:Shortcut|shortcuts]]. While aliases are also used for shortcuts, this isn't necessary if the pagename is not shortened.

Pseudo-namespaces all actually reside in main namespace; but a pseudo-namespace called [[m:Help:Transwiki|Transwiki:]] exists as a pseudo-namespace before being moved to another namespace.

=== Aliases ===
{{Shortcut|WP:ALIAS}}
There are six aliases defined for namespaces, all of which are case-insensitive:

{| class=wikitable
!Alias
!Namespace
|-
|WP||rowspan=2|Wikipedia
|-
|Project
|-
|WT||rowspan=2|Wikipedia talk
|-
|Project talk
|-
|Image||File
|-
|Image talk||File talk
|}

These aliases are automatically translated by the Wikipedia servers to the proper namespace prefix. So if a link is made to a page title beginning with one of these aliases, or else entered in the search box or used in a URL in a browser address bar, the alias links to the page with the corresponding true namespace prefix. Hence entering [[WP:External links]] or [[Project:External links]] is equivalent to entering [[Wikipedia:External links]]; and entering [[WT:External links]] or [[Project talk:External links]] is equivalent to entering [[Wikipedia talk:External links]].

An alias cannot be used as the actual namespace in a page title. For example, you cannot create page ''WP:123''; if tried, the page name is instantly converted to ''Wikipedia:123''. It ''is'', however, possible to [[Wikipedia:Page name#Changing the displayed title|change the ''displayed'' title]] on page ''Wikipedia:123'' to make it ''WP:123'' or ''Project:123''.

This is very handy for the creation of [[Wikipedia:Shortcut|shortcuts]]. For example, the shortcut for this section is [[WP:ALIAS]], as shown in the right-side box. When the link is clicked, it is automatically translated to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ALIAS&redirect=no Wikipedia:ALIAS]. At this page is a [[Help:Redirect|redirect]] to {{Section link|Wikipedia:Namespace#Aliases}}. This means that the shortcut goes directly to this section from anywhere on Wikipedia. It can also be entered as a [[URL]] in the browser address bar as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:ALIAS .

=== Pseudo-namespaces ===

{{Shortcut|WP:PNS}}
Apart from Wikipedia's 32 regular namespaces and their aliases, and 2 virtual ones, there are several title prefixes appearing in [[Help:Shortcut|shortcut redirects]] pointing to frequently-referred-to Wikipedia pages. These prefixes are referred to as '''pseudo-namespaces''' and include the following:

* '''[[Special:Prefixindex/CAT:|CAT:]]''' for shortcuts to the [[Wikipedia:Category namespace|Category namespace]]. See also [[:Category:Redirects to category space]]
* '''[[Special:Prefixindex/H:|H:]]''' for shortcuts to the [[Wikipedia:Help namespace|Help namespace]]. See also [[:Category:Redirects to help namespace]]
* '''[[Special:Prefixindex/MOS:|MOS:]]''' for shortcuts to the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]. See also [[:Category:Redirects to project space]]
* '''[[Special:Prefixindex/P:|P:]]''' for shortcuts to the [[Wikipedia:Portal namespace|Portal namespace]]. See also [[:Category:Redirects to portal space]]
* '''[[Special:Prefixindex/T:|T:]]''' for shortcuts to the [[Wikipedia:Template namespace|Template namespace]]. See also [[:Category:Redirects to template namespace]]

A more complete list is available at {{Section link|Wikipedia:Shortcut#List of prefixes}}.

Pseudo-namespaces are not in any way recognised by the wiki software; they are purely a community custom. Titles in pseudo-namespaces actually belong technically in the main (article) namespace and are treated as such by the software: they are case-sensitive and appear in [[Help:Search#Syntax|search results]] restricted to the main namespace. An alias is treated like a real namespace, resulting in a search for the [[WP:page name|pagename]] in its namespace, but the "pseudo-namespace:pagename" search is in mainspace, not its pseudo-namespace. For example, searching for "H:S" will not search '''Help'''.

To learn some of these shortcuts, first follow the pseudo-namespace link above, then follow one of the redirects listed on that page. It will take you to the target, where you then notice any {{tl|shortcut}} boxes to the right of the page, which may also list some additional shortcuts to that same area. By observing these steps repeatedly, you can discover ways to shorten your typing. You will use pseudo-namespace names more often if you are an advanced editor, highly active in many namespaces, or constantly linking to pages that have a pseudo-namespace shortcut.

To understand the appropriateness of redirects of this type, see [[Wikipedia:Cross-namespace redirects]]. All shortcuts are discoverable by [[Help:Searching|searching]] for redirects. There is also the category [[:Category:Wikipedia redirects|Wikipedia redirects]].

As a final example, every [[Wikimedia Foundation]] project has a "[[m:Help:Transwiki|Transwiki:]]" pseudo-namespace (sometimes a real namespace) for importing articles manually. A wiki project that would manually move many pages between [[wp:sister|sister projects]] uses this tag. Redirects/shortcuts are not directly involved here, as described above. Instead, the page title is [[WP:move|move]]d to "Transwiki:''namespace:pagename''", and that content is then copied and pasted into a new page name of that temporary title on the target wiki. When it is accepted, the title is then moved out of the '''Transwiki''' pseudo-namespace there and becomes a real page name in its respective namespace.

==Interwiki and interlanguage links ==
{{see|Help:Interwiki linking|Help:Interlanguage links}}

[[m:Table of Wikimedia projects|Interwiki]] and [[m:List of Wikipedias|interlanguage]] prefixes do not define namespaces, but point to pages in other Wikimedia projects, outside the en.wikipedia.org website. They are mentioned here because they use a namespace-like prefix technique for linking. Examples of interwiki prefixes include '''w:''' for Wikipedia; '''m:''' (or '''meta:''') for [[Meta-Wiki]], '''mw:''' for [[MediaWiki]], and '''wikt:''' for [[Wiktionary]]. Examples of interlanguage prefixes include '''en:''' for English language, '''fr:''' for French language, and '''de:''' for German language.

Important points to note:

* In the presence of an interwiki prefix and the absence of an interlanguage prefix, the link will be to a specified project in the current language. So <code><nowiki>[[w:Internet]]</nowiki></code> links to "[[w:Internet|Internet]]" on the English Wikipedia, if the link is on any English-language Wikimedia project.
* In the presence of an interlanguage prefix and the absence of an interwiki prefix, the link will be to a specified language in the current project. So <code><nowiki>[[:en:Internet]]</nowiki></code> will link to "[[:en:Internet|Internet]]" on the English Wikipedia, if the link is on a Wikipedia project in any language.

When making links to other language Wikipedias, add an initial colon if you want the link to appear inline rather than in the skin's sidebar under "Languages"; see [[Help:Colon trick]] for an explanation. So <code><nowiki>[[:de:Internet]]</nowiki></code> is an inline link to "[[:de:Internet|Internet]]" in the German Wikipedia; but if using an interwiki prefix this is unnecessary, for example <code><nowiki>[[w:de:Internet]]</nowiki></code> is the same inline link.

Further examples:

* [[m:Meta:Babel]] and [[meta:Meta:Babel]] both link to the "Babel" page in the project namespace (Meta:, the 2nd prefix) of Meta-Wiki (m: or meta:, the 1st prefix).
* [[wikt:fr:Discuter:pied/fusion daf]] links to the "pied/fusion daf" page in the talk namespace (Discuter:, the 3rd prefix) of French (fr:, the 2nd prefix) Wiktionary (wikt:, the 1st prefix).

Interwiki prefixes are not just for Wikimedia projects. For example, [[Dictionary:]] is the interwiki link for [[dict.org]] (the DICT Development Group). For a complete list of interwiki prefixes, see the [[m:Interwiki map|interwiki map]] and [[m:Special:Interwiki|interwiki table]].

As with aliases, it is not possible to create a page with a title beginning with an interwiki or interlanguage prefix. It is also not possible to create redirects to interwiki pages, unless it is a [[Wikipedia:Soft redirect|soft redirect]].

== Case insensitivity ==
Standard namespace names, aliases and interwiki prefixes are case insensitive. The same applies to the first character after the colon. Hence the following all link to the same page:
* [[Wikipedia:Afd]], [[WIKIPEDIA:Afd]], [[wIKIpedia:Afd]], [[wikipedia:afd]]
* [[wP:Afd]], [[wp:Afd]], [[WP:afd]]
* [[PROJECT:Afd]], [[project:Afd]], [[ProjecT:Afd]], [[Project:afd]]

== Namespace-dependent functionality ==
The namespace name is a useful variable for searching in and reporting on sets of [[WP:Page name|pages]]. It is also used to apply features that configure the sets of pages in one namespace differently from another namespace. Using the namespace name MediaWiki can:
*[[WP:Search|Search]] for pages in a particular namespace only.
* [[Help:Special page|Report]] on [[Special:AllPages|content]] or [[WP:Recent changes|changes in content]] of a namespace.
* Enable or disable the [[WP:Subpage|subpage]] feature, per namespace.
* Offer a [[WP:Random article|random article]] for the mainspace (<kbd><nowiki>[[</nowiki>Special:Random<nowiki>]]</nowiki></kbd>), or for a namespace <kbd><nowiki>[[</nowiki>Special:Random/''Namespace'']]</kbd>.
* Change the functionality of <kbd><nowiki>[[</nowiki>''wikilink''<nowiki>]]</nowiki></kbd> if it targets the '''Category''' namespace or '''File''' namespace. Normally wikilinks are activated by the mouse, but <kbd><nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:''Pagename''<nowiki>]]</nowiki></kbd> activates software functionality when the [[WP:Category|page is saved]], and <kbd><nowiki>[[</nowiki>File:''Page name''<nowiki>]]</nowiki></kbd> activates software functionality when the [[WP:Image|page is rendered]].
* Change the functionality of <kbd><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[WP:Transclusion|pagename]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></kbd> so that it defaults to the set of pagenames in '''Template'''.
* Tailor ''[[Wikipedia:Edit notices|edit notices]]'' to a particular namespace's edit page, informing an editor of certain aspects about the content of that namespace.
* Allow ''[[Wikipedia:Templates|templates]]'' to behave differently on pages of different namespaces.

The namespace functionality is often visible in the URL, where you will see a namespace number. These are given in the table below.

Subpages are configured for all namespaces except Main, File, MediaWiki and Category namespaces. Subpages are configured in the software by enabling or disabling the subpage feature per namespace. This further extends the function of a namespace by extending the types of pages or topics of pages a namespace can home. For example, talk page ''/archives'' are subpages, and they are both namespace searchable and page name searchable from the search box, unlike [[WP:page history|history pages]], which are in no namespace. Another example is in the Template namespace where it is routine to put the documentation in a subpage called ''/doc''.

Random pages are enabled, in the default software configuration, only for the mainspace.

Searching and reporting can operate over the entire database, or they can be limited to a namespace, and so they will offer a list of all the namespaces currently configured. [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] also offers a list of namespaces.

== Programming ==
{{anchor|Enumeration}}
The 28 namespaces in the English Wikipedia are numbered for programming purposes. The prefix for each namespace is generated by a [[m:Help:Variable|variable]], using the [[Help:Magic words#Paths|magic word]] <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns}}</syntaxhighlight>, in the form <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:xx}}</syntaxhighlight>, as shown in the table below.

{| border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable"
|-
!Namespace variable
!Result (namespace name)
!Namespace variable
!Result (talk namespace name)
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:-2}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:-2}}
|
|
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:-1}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:-1}}
|
|
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:0}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:0}} (main namespace, returns empty string)
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:1}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:1}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:2}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:2}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:3}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:3}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:4}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:4}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:5}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:5}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:6}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:6}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:7}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:7}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:8}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:8}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:9}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:9}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:10}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:10}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:11}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:11}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:12}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:12}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:13}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:13}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:14}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:14}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:15}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:15}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:100}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:100}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:101}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:101}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:118}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:118}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:119}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:119}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:710}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:710}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:711}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:711}}
|-
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:828}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:828}}
|<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:829}}</syntaxhighlight>
|{{ns:829}}
|}

Alternative variables are available for most namespaces, for example <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:talk}}</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:user}}</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:user_talk}}</syntaxhighlight> for <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:1}}</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:2}}</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{ns:3}}</syntaxhighlight>. The portal namespace is numbered in the 100-plus range, as are all MediaWiki nonstandard namespaces. It is also possible to use {{tl|Namespace name}} for this, i.e. "<syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{Namespace name|711}}</syntaxhighlight>" produces "{{Namespace name|711}}".

All namespaces with a positive number or zero in this list are searchable. Specifically, the {{ns:-2}} and {{ns:-1}} namespaces are not searchable.

The [[Help:Magic words|magic word]] <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext inline>{{NAMESPACE}}</syntaxhighlight> returns the namespace prefix of the current page. This can be used in combination with other magic words and [[meta:Help:ParserFunctions|parser functions]] to change the appearance of [[WP:Template|templates]] depending on the namespace in which they are transcluded.

Meta-templates have been created to simplify this process. These include the simple template {{tl|main other}}, and the more complex and versatile {{tl|namespace detect}}.

For information on changing the appearance of a page or template by namespace based on CSS, see '''CSS''' section of [[mw:Help:Namespaces#Identifying namespaces|Identifying namespaces]] on the MediaWiki help page.

== See also ==
{{Help desk}}
* [[Wikipedia:Page name]]
* [[Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing]]
* [[mw:Help:Namespaces|MediaWiki help page on namespaces]], for general MediaWiki technical information
* [[mw:Extension default namespaces]], for namespaces added by extensions

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikipedia technical help|collapsed}}
[[Category:Wikipedia features]]
[[Category:Wikipedia namespace administration| ]]

Module:Pagetype/doc

2024-04-09T06:03:46Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{high use}}
{{module rating|protected}}
{{Lua|Module:Arguments|Module:Disambiguation|Module:Namespace detect|Module:Pagetype/config|Module:Yesno}}

This module is used to detect the page type of a given page. It detects [[WP:REDIRECT|redirect pages]] automatically and is highly customisable. It can be used on its own or as a meta-module to create other page-type-detection templates. This module can also be accessed using {{tl|pagetype}}.

== Syntax ==

; Basic usage

<pre>
{{#invoke:pagetype|main}}
</pre>

; All parameters

<pre>
{{#invoke:pagetype|main
| page =
| defaultns =
| main =
| user =
| wikipedia =
| project =
| wp =
| file =
| image =
| mediawiki =
| template =
| help =
| category =
| portal =
| draft =
| timedtext =
| module =
| topic =
| special =
| media =
| talk =
| redirect =
| dab =
| na =
| other =
| plural =
}}
</pre>

== Basic usage ==

For simple detection of the page type of the current page, use the default settings:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main}}

That will produce the following results, depending on the page type or the [[WP:NAMESPACE|namespace]]:

{| class="wikitable"
! Page type / namespace !! Output
|-
| Redirects (in any namespace) || <code>redirect</code>
|-
| Main namespace || <code>article</code>
|-
| File namespace || <code>file</code>
|-
| Template namespace || <code>template</code>
|-
| Category namespace || <code>category</code>
|-
| Module namespace || <code>module</code>
|-
| Other namespaces || <code>page</code>
|}

If the module is used on a talk page, it will detect the page type for the corresponding subject page.

; Example

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main}}
|}

== Page parameter ==

You can use the <code>page</code> parameter to make the module act as though it was called from that page.

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=''page name''}}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}
|}

== Adding and removing namespaces ==

It is possible to specify different behaviour for each namespace than that described in the [[#Basic usage|basic usage]] section. For example, you might want the module to display "user page" for pages in the user namespace, instead of the default "page". To do this, you can use the code {{para|user|yes}}. This looks up the typical name used for pages in the user namespace, in this case "user page", and uses that text when the module is used with a page in the user namespace. To use this with other namespaces, use the namespace name in lower case as a parameter:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main
| user = ''yes''
| wikipedia = ''yes''
| project = ''yes''
| wp = ''yes''
| mediawiki = ''yes''
| help = ''yes''
| portal = ''yes''
| draft = ''yes''
| timedtext = ''yes''
| topic = ''yes''
| special = ''yes''
| media = ''yes''
}}

You can use any of the following to specify the namespace: "<code>yes</code>", "<code>y</code>", "<code>true</code>" or "<code>1</code>". They can be used in any combination of upper and lower case. (These values are defined by [[Module:Yesno]].)

The default text for these namespaces is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! Page type / namespace !! Output
|-
| User namespace || <code>user page</code>
|-
| Wikipedia namespace || <code>project page</code>
|-
| MediaWiki namespace || <code>interface page</code>
|-
| Help namespace || <code>help page</code>
|-
| Portal namespace || <code>portal</code>
|-
| Draft namespace || <code>draft</code>
|-
| Timed Text namespace || <code>Timed Text page</code>
|-
| Topic namespace || <code>topic</code>
|-
| Special namespace || <code>special page</code>
|-
| Media namespace || <code>file</code>
|}

You can use a similar process to remove any of the default namespace values as well. For example, if you use the code {{para|template|no}}, then the module will display "page" when used on a template page, rather than the default "template".

{{#invoke:pagetype|main
| main = ''no''
| file = ''no''
| template = ''no''
| category = ''no''
| module = ''no''
}}

The following values will all work to remove namespace values: "<code>no</code>", "<code>n</code>", "<code>false</code>" or "<code>0</code>". They can be used in any combination of upper and lower case.

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|wikipedia=yes}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|wikipedia=yes}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|talk=y}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|talk=y}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|main=no}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|main=no}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|timedtext=Yes}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|timedtext=Yes}}
|}

== Default namespace sets ==

As well as adding and removing individual namespaces, it is possible to specify different sets of namespaces by using the {{para|defaultns}}. There are four different sets available: <code>all</code>, <code>extended</code>, <code>none</code> and the default set. These sets allow you to specify many namespaces at once, without having to use all of the individual namespace parameters. Namespaces are set according to the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Namespace
! colspan="4" | Value of {{para|defaultns}}
! rowspan="2" | Output
|-
| style="width: 75px; text-align: center;" | <code>none</code>
| style="width: 75px; text-align: center;" | <code>extended</code>
| style="width: 75px; text-align: center;" | <code>all</code>
| style="width: 75px; text-align: center;" | Other values
|-
| Main
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| article
|-
| User
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| user page
|-
| Wikipedia
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| project page
|-
| File
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| file
|-
| MediaWiki
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| interface page
|-
| Template
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| template
|-
| Help
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| help page
|-
| Category
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| category
|-
| Portal
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| portal
|-
| Draft
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| draft
|-
| TimedText
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| Timed Text page
|-
| Module
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| module
|-
| Topic (Flow boards)
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| topic
|-
| All talk namespaces
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| talk page
|-
| Special
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| special page
|-
| Media
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{tick}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{cross}}
| file
|}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|defaultns=none}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|defaultns=none}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|defaultns=all}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|defaultns=all}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg|defaultns=none}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=File:Example.svg|defaultns=none}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|defaultns=extended}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|defaultns=extended}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|defaultns=extended}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|defaultns=extended}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|defaultns=all}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|defaultns=all}}
|}

== Custom namespace values ==

It is possible to specify a custom value for any namespace:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main
| main = ''custom text''
| user = ''custom text''
| wikipedia = ''custom text''
| project = ''custom text''
| wp = ''custom text''
| file = ''custom text''
| image = ''custom text''
| mediawiki = ''custom text''
| template = ''custom text''
| help = ''custom text''
| category = ''custom text''
| portal = ''custom text''
| draft = ''custom text''
| timedtext = ''custom text''
| module = ''custom text''
| topic = ''custom text''
| special = ''custom text''
| media = ''custom text''
}}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|wikipedia=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|wikipedia=custom text}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|talk=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Talk:United Kingdom|talk=custom text}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|main=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|main=custom text}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|timedtext=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=TimedText:Imagine (John Lennon song - sample).ogg.en.srt|timedtext=custom text}}
|}

== Talk parameter ==

Normally, the module will treat talk pages as if they were in the corresponding subject namespace. However, if the <code>talk</code> parameter is set, the module will treat talk pages separately from subject pages. The <code>talk</code> parameter sets values for all talk pages, i.e. pages in the Talk: namespace, pages in the User talk: namespace, pages in the Wikipedia talk: namespace, and so on.

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|talk=''yes''}}

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|talk=''custom text''}}

The default value for "<code>talk=''yes''</code>" is "talk page".

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|talk=yes}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|talk=yes}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes|talk=yes}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes|talk=yes}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|talk=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|talk=custom text}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes|talk=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia talk:Namespace|wikipedia=yes|talk=custom text}}
|}

== Main namespace classes ==

For pages in the main namespace, it is possible to add a class value in the first positional parameter:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|''class''}}

If the class value matches one of the values in the table below, it will produce an alternative to the default output of <code>article</code>.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Class !! Class values !! Output
|-
| No applicable class || <code>na</code>, <code>n/a</code> || <code>page</code>
|-
|}

You can input the class value in any combination of upper and lower case.

=== Custom main namespace classes ===

It is also possible to specify a custom value for the main namespace classes:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|''class''|na=''yes''}}

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|''class''|na=''custom text''}}

This works the same way that it does for the custom namespace page types. Possible parameters are:
* '''na''': a custom value for NA-class pages. It works in the same way as the <code>dab</code> parameter. The default value for "<code>yes</code>" etc. is "page".

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|na}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|na}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|na|na=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|na|na=custom text}}
|}

== Redirects ==

By default, the module automatically detects redirects in all namespace. It is not possible to specify redirect behaviour by namespace, but you can turn redirect detection off, or use a custom value for redirect pages.

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|redirect=''no''}}

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|redirect=''custom text''}}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK|redirect=no}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK|redirect=no}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK|redirect=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=UK|redirect=custom text}}
|}

== Disambiguation pages ==

By default, the module uses [[Module:Disambiguation]] to detect [[WP:DAB|disambiguation pages]] in the main namespace. If you want, you can turn this detection off, or use a custom value for disambiguation pages.

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|dab=''no''}}

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|dab=''custom text''}}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury|dab=no}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury|dab=no}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury|dab=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Mercury|dab=custom text}}
|}

== Other namespaces ==

By default, the module produces "<code>page</code>" if used from a namespace that hasn't been specified. This value can be changed with the {{para|other}} parameter:

{{#invoke:pagetype|main|other=''custom text''}}

; Examples

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|other=custom text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|other=custom text}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|other=custom text|wikipedia=wikipedia-space text}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Wikipedia:Namespace|other=custom text|wikipedia=wikipedia-space text}}
|}

== Plurals ==

By default the module returns the name of the namespace in the singular. Adding the parameter {{para|plural|y}} returns the plural form.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|plural=y}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|plural=y}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Category:Books}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Category:Books}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Category:Books|plural=y}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=Category:Books|plural=y}}
|}
The rules for pluralisation can be customised in [[Module:Pagetype/config]] to allow localisation.

== Capitalisation ==

By default the module returns the page type in lowercase. Adding the parameter {{para|caps|y}} returns a version with a capital letter at the start.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Code !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|caps=y}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|caps=y}}
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|plural=y|caps=y}}</nowiki></code> || {{#invoke:pagetype|main|page=United Kingdom|plural=y|caps=y}}
|}

Template:High use

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

#Redirect [[Template:High-use]]

{{Redirect category shell|{{R from modification}}{{R from template shortcut}}}}

Module:Transclusion count/data/P

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

return {
["P"] = 6200,
["P-phrases"] = 3400,
["P."] = 3700,
["P1"] = 149000,
["P2"] = 305000,
["PAGENAMEBASE"] = 1610000,
["PAGENAMEU"] = 65000,
["PAK"] = 3100,
["PD-US"] = 10000,
["PD-US-1923"] = 2200,
["PD-US-1923-abroad"] = 5600,
["PD-US-expired"] = 4700,
["PD-US-expired-abroad"] = 7200,
["PD-art"] = 3300,
["PD-ineligible-USonly"] = 5600,
["PD-notice"] = 23000,
["PD-old-100"] = 3700,
["PD-self"] = 34000,
["PD-textlogo"] = 6400,
["PDB_Gallery"] = 2900,
["PDanube"] = 3300,
["PER"] = 3200,
["PHI"] = 2600,
["PHL"] = 3600,
["PLANTS"] = 4000,
["PM20"] = 3300,
["PMID"] = 7100,
["POL"] = 65000,
["POR"] = 5000,
["POTD/Day"] = 2000,
["POTD_default"] = 11000,
["POTD_image"] = 2900,
["POTD_navigation"] = 7000,
["POTDlink"] = 7400,
["POV"] = 7300,
["PR/header"] = 3100,
["PR/heading"] = 7200,
["PRT"] = 5800,
["PR_link"] = 105000,
["PS"] = 3000,
["Pad"] = 57000,
["Page"] = 4100,
["Page_name_sub"] = 47000,
["Page_needed"] = 19000,
["Page_tabs"] = 3600,
["Page_tabs/styles.css"] = 3600,
["Page_views"] = 2500,
["Pagelinks"] = 43000,
["Pagelist"] = 5000,
["Pagetype"] = 12400000,
["Paid"] = 10000,
["Para"] = 2400000,
["Parabr"] = 3000,
["Paragraph_break"] = 1260000,
["Param_value"] = 138000,
["Parameter_names_example"] = 2400,
["ParmPart"] = 14000,
["Partial"] = 2800,
["Partial_minor_planet_designation"] = 5700,
["Partly_done"] = 2800,
["Party_color"] = 62000,
["Party_color_cell"] = 4600,
["Party_name_with_color"] = 8500,
["Party_name_with_colour"] = 3300,
["Party_shading/Democratic"] = 15000,
["Party_shading/Independent"] = 2400,
["Party_shading/Republican"] = 15000,
["Party_stripe"] = 19000,
["Pass"] = 2800,
["Pb"] = 1240000,
["Pbox"] = 3000,
["Pbox/1"] = 3000,
["Peacock"] = 3300,
["Pedigree"] = 3900,
["Peer_review/heading"] = 10000,
["Peer_review_tools"] = 8500,
["Penalty_shoot-out"] = 4100,
["Pending"] = 3400,
["Pending_DYK_biographies"] = 3200,
["Pengoal"] = 9900,
["Penmiss"] = 11000,
["Percentage"] = 14000,
["Performance_key"] = 2600,
["Period_color"] = 24000,
["Period_end"] = 22000,
["Period_id"] = 24000,
["Period_start"] = 24000,
["PeruTasks"] = 16000,
["Phab"] = 6700,
["Phanerozoic_220px"] = 21000,
["PharmNavFootnote"] = 5300,
["Philippine_name"] = 3000,
["Photo"] = 2000,
["Photo_montage"] = 4900,
["Photo_requested"] = 105000,
["Photograph_requested"] = 3500,
["Photomontage"] = 4600,
["Picture_of_the_day"] = 7400,
["Pie_chart"] = 6300,
["Pie_chart/slice"] = 6300,
["Ping"] = 239000,
["Pipe"] = 104000,
["Place_name_disambiguation"] = 39000,
["Plain_link"] = 162000,
["Plain_list"] = 14000,
["Plain_text"] = 85000,
["Plainlink"] = 82000,
["Plainlist"] = 366000,
["Plainlist/styles.css"] = 3040000,
["Player"] = 3600,
["Player2"] = 2500,
["Please_check_ISSN"] = 15000,
["Plural"] = 106000,
["Pluralize_from_text"] = 1440000,
["Pn"] = 2100,
["Poem_quote"] = 3100,
["Poemquote"] = 2400,
["Politician_icon"] = 34000,
["Politician_icon2"] = 34000,
["Politics_sidebar_below"] = 19000,
["Politics_sidebar_title"] = 19000,
["Polluted_category"] = 2200,
["Polparty"] = 28000,
["Pop_density"] = 9000,
["Population_Germany"] = 14000,
["Portal"] = 9550000,
["Portal-Class"] = 7700,
["Portal-inline"] = 225000,
["Portal_bar"] = 124000,
["Portal_box"] = 2700,
["Portalbar"] = 12000,
["Portuguese_name"] = 9000,
["PosMapFS"] = 4300,
["Possible"] = 3500,
["Possibly_empty_category"] = 69000,
["Post-nominals"] = 54000,
["Post-nominals/AUS"] = 7800,
["Post-nominals/CAN"] = 9400,
["Post-nominals/GBR"] = 28000,
["Post-nominals/NZL"] = 4000,
["Postnominals"] = 9700,
["Pp"] = 15000,
["Pp-book-cover"] = 52000,
["Pp-extended"] = 2700,
["Pp-move"] = 8800,
["Pp-move-indef"] = 2800,
["Pp-pc"] = 3700,
["Pp-protected"] = 7200,
["Pp-semi-indef"] = 4500,
["Pp-template"] = 2700,
["Pp-vandalism"] = 2600,
["Precision"] = 276000,
["PresFoot"] = 2900,
["PresHead"] = 3300,
["PresRow"] = 3300,
["Press"] = 4900,
["Preview_warning"] = 33000,
["Primary_source_inline"] = 6100,
["Primary_sources"] = 31000,
["Principal_rank"] = 511000,
["Prl"] = 105000,
["ProCyclingStats"] = 2500,
["ProQuest"] = 19000,
["Professional_wrestling_profiles"] = 2200,
["Professional_wrestling_results_table"] = 2700,
["Profit"] = 3800,
["Progress_box"] = 17000,
["Project-Class"] = 12000,
["Project_other"] = 16000,
["Proper_name"] = 2400,
["Prose"] = 3400,
["Proxy_block"] = 2200,
["Pso"] = 3500,
["Purge"] = 400000,
["Purge_button"] = 17000,
["Module:Page"] = 109000,
["Module:PageLinks"] = 43000,
["Module:Page_tabs"] = 3600,
["Module:Pagelist"] = 5000,
["Module:Pagetype"] = 16400000,
["Module:Pagetype/config"] = 16400000,
["Module:Pagetype/disambiguation"] = 11900000,
["Module:Pagetype/setindex"] = 12100000,
["Module:Pagetype/softredirect"] = 15400000,
["Module:ParameterCount"] = 914000,
["Module:Parameter_names_example"] = 2400,
["Module:Parameter_validation"] = 137000,
["Module:Parameter_validation/default_config"] = 137000,
["Module:Params"] = 36000,
["Module:Party_name_with_color"] = 9400,
["Module:Percentage"] = 14000,
["Module:Person_height"] = 264000,
["Module:Person_length"] = 7100,
["Module:Person_weight"] = 79000,
["Module:Photo_montage"] = 4900,
["Module:Plain_text"] = 1570000,
["Module:Political_party"] = 120000,
["Module:Political_party/A"] = 21000,
["Module:Political_party/B"] = 16000,
["Module:Political_party/C"] = 41000,
["Module:Political_party/D"] = 50000,
["Module:Political_party/E"] = 5700,
["Module:Political_party/F"] = 12000,
["Module:Political_party/G"] = 17000,
["Module:Political_party/H"] = 5400,
["Module:Political_party/I"] = 50000,
["Module:Political_party/J"] = 7600,
["Module:Political_party/K"] = 3900,
["Module:Political_party/L"] = 39000,
["Module:Political_party/M"] = 12000,
["Module:Political_party/N"] = 31000,
["Module:Political_party/O"] = 5300,
["Module:Political_party/P"] = 27000,
["Module:Political_party/R"] = 48000,
["Module:Political_party/S"] = 30000,
["Module:Political_party/T"] = 11000,
["Module:Political_party/U"] = 18000,
["Module:Political_party/V"] = 6800,
["Module:Political_party/W"] = 11000,
["Module:Pop_density"] = 9000,
["Module:PopulationFromWikidata"] = 6800,
["Module:Portal"] = 9880000,
["Module:Portal-inline"] = 226000,
["Module:Portal/images/a"] = 1680000,
["Module:Portal/images/aliases"] = 232000,
["Module:Portal/images/b"] = 2880000,
["Module:Portal/images/c"] = 1690000,
["Module:Portal/images/d"] = 105000,
["Module:Portal/images/e"] = 436000,
["Module:Portal/images/f"] = 836000,
["Module:Portal/images/g"] = 640000,
["Module:Portal/images/h"] = 452000,
["Module:Portal/images/i"] = 1100000,
["Module:Portal/images/j"] = 273000,
["Module:Portal/images/k"] = 75000,
["Module:Portal/images/l"] = 427000,
["Module:Portal/images/m"] = 632000,
["Module:Portal/images/n"] = 724000,
["Module:Portal/images/o"] = 407000,
["Module:Portal/images/other"] = 129000,
["Module:Portal/images/p"] = 869000,
["Module:Portal/images/q"] = 3100,
["Module:Portal/images/r"] = 378000,
["Module:Portal/images/s"] = 1640000,
["Module:Portal/images/t"] = 649000,
["Module:Portal/images/u"] = 1030000,
["Module:Portal/images/v"] = 296000,
["Module:Portal/images/w"] = 167000,
["Module:Portal/images/y"] = 33000,
["Module:Portal/images/z"] = 5800,
["Module:Portal/styles.css"] = 9550000,
["Module:Portal_bar"] = 141000,
["Module:Portal_bar/styles.css"] = 141000,
["Module:Professional_wrestling_profiles"] = 2300,
["Module:Professional_wrestling_results_table"] = 2700,
["Module:Progress_box"] = 17000,
["Module:Progress_box/config"] = 17000,
["Module:Progress_box/styles.css"] = 17000,
["Module:Protect"] = 111000,
["Module:Protected_edit_request"] = 49000,
["Module:Protection_banner"] = 56000,
["Module:Protection_banner/config"] = 56000,
["Module:Purge"] = 420000,
}

Template:Module rating

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{Pp|{{{2}}}|action={{{3|}}}}}}}|{{Module other|{{ombox
| type = notice
| image = {{#switch: {{{1|}}}
| pre-alpha | prealpha | pa = [[File:Ambox warning blue construction.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=Pre-alpha]]
| alpha | a = [[File:Greek lc alpha icon.svg|26x26px|link=|alt=Alpha]]
| beta | b = [[File:Greek lc beta icon.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=Beta]]
| release | r | general | g = [[File:Green check.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=Ready for use]]
| protected | protect | p = [[File:{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|edit|{{#switch:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox={{FULLBASEPAGENAME}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}|autoconfirmed=Semi|extendedconfirmed=Extended|accountcreator|templateeditor=Template|#default=Full}}-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=Protected]]
| semiprotected | semiprotect | semi =[[File:Semi-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=Semi-protected]]
}}
| style =
| textstyle =
| text = {{#switch: {{{1|}}}
| pre-alpha | prealpha | pa = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules in pre-alpha development|pre-alpha]]. It is unfinished, and may or may not be in active development. It should not be used from article namespace pages. Modules remain pre-alpha until the original editor (or someone who takes one over if it is abandoned for some time) is satisfied with the basic structure.
| alpha | a = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules in alpha|alpha]]. It is ready for third-party input, and may be used on a few pages to see if problems arise, but should be watched. Suggestions for new features or changes in their input and output mechanisms are welcome.
| beta | b = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules in beta|beta]], and is ready for widespread use. It is still new and should be used with some caution to ensure the results are as expected.
| release | r | general | g = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules for general use|ready for general use]]. It has reached a mature form and is thought to be relatively bug-free and ready for use wherever appropriate. It is ready to mention on help pages and other Wikipedia resources as an option for new users to learn. To reduce server load and bad output, it should be improved by [[Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases|sandbox testing]] rather than repeated trial-and-error editing.
| protected | protect | p = This module is [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection|subject to page protection]]. It is a [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|highly visible module]] in use by a very large number of pages, or is [[Wikipedia:Substitution|substituted]] very frequently. Because vandalism or mistakes would affect many pages, and even trivial editing might cause substantial load on the servers, it is [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected]] from editing.
| semiprotected | semiprotect | semi = This module is [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection|subject to page protection]]. It is a [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|highly visible module]] in use by a very large number of pages, or is [[Wikipedia:Substitution|substituted]] very frequently. Because vandalism or mistakes would affect many pages, and even trivial editing might cause substantial load on the servers, it is [[WP:SEMI|semi-protected]] from editing.
| #default = {{error|Module rating is invalid or not specified.}}
}}
}}{{#ifeq: {{ROOTPAGENAME}} | Sandbox
| 
| {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}
| doc | sandbox =
| {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true
| 
| {{#switch: {{{1|}}}
| pre-alpha | prealpha | pa = [[Category:Modules in pre-alpha development|{{PAGENAME}}]]
| alpha | a = [[Category:Modules in alpha|{{PAGENAME}}]]
| beta | b = [[Category:Modules in beta|{{PAGENAME}}]]
| release | r | general | g = [[Category:Modules for general use|{{PAGENAME}}]]
| protected | protect | p = [[Category:Modules subject to page protection|{{PAGENAME}}]]
| semiprotected | semiprotect | semi = [[Category:Modules subject to page protection|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}
}}
}}
}}|{{error|Error: {{tl|Module rating}} must be placed in the Module namespace.}} [[Category:Pages with templates in the wrong namespace]]|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{module rating|release|nocat=true|demospace=module}}
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Module other

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{#switch:

{{#if:{{{demospace|}}}
| {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} 
| {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Module}}
| module
| other
}}
}}
| module = {{{1|}}}
| other
| #default = {{{2|}}}
}}<noinclude>

{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Talk:United Kingdom

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Skip to talk}}
{{Talk header}}
{{FAQ|collapsed=yes}}
{{British English|date=September 2010}}
{{Article history
|action1=PR
|action1date=06:34, 3 May 2006
|action1link=Wikipedia:Peer review/United Kingdom/archive1
|action1result=reviewed
|action1oldid=51316003

|action2=GAN
|action2date=22:20, 22 July 2006
|action2link=Talk:United Kingdom/Archive 6#Good Article
|action2result=listed
|action2oldid=65278328

|action3=FAC
|action3date=15:46, 30 September 2006
|action3link=Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/United Kingdom/archive1
|action3result=not promoted
|action3oldid=78670594

|action4=FAC
|action4date=00:11, 11 February 2007
|action4link=Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/United Kingdom/archive2
|action4result=not promoted
|action4oldid=107189748

|action5=GAR
|action5link=Talk:United Kingdom/GA1
|action5date=19:51, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
|action5result=delisted
|action5oldid=242810269

|action6=GAN
|action6link=Talk:United Kingdom/GA2
|action6date=22 January 2010
|action6result=not listed
|action6oldid=339258206

|action7=GAN
|action7link=Talk:United Kingdom/GA3
|action7date=6 March 2015
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== Conversion in total area ==

Hello, I am Cleter, and I would like to begin by stating that the conversion of the land area in the UK reads as follows:

{{tq|The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,060 square miles (243,610 km2), with an estimated 2022 population of nearly 67 million people.}}

I suggest the following change in accordance to [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Unit_choice_and_order]] which includes:
* In '''non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United Kingdom''', the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units, except that:
** UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units in which the subject project was [[Engineering drawing|drawn up]] (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);
** the primary units for distance/length, speed and fuel consumption are [[Statute mile|miles]], miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
** the primary units for personal height and weight are feet/inches and stones/pounds;
** imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/cider and bottled milk;

As you can see, none of these circumstances are applicable to the article. Therefore, I request that the sentence in green be readjusted to this (including the 2 sources):

{{tq|The total area of the United Kingdom is 243,610 square kilometres (94,060 mi2), with an estimated 2022 population of nearly 67 million people.}} [[User:Cleter|🅲🅻🅴🆃🅴🆁]] ([[User talk:Cleter|a word]]) 03:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

:Given area is a function of distances, I don't think the use of square miles is out of line with that MoS even if not specifically mentioned. [[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]] ([[User talk:Chipmunkdavis|talk]]) 10:19, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
::One difficulty is that all ONS statistics (along with the OS, the only genuine authority on area measurements in the UK) are metric, both for Standard Area Measurements and density. You're absolutely right of course—the MoS means that the figure should be imperial first. But nonetheless, it always feels to me a little dishonest that Wikipedia presents British area measurements as though the statistic is imperial and that Wiki is converting it to metric. When in fact the opposite is true. [[User:Dgp4004|Dgp4004]] ([[User talk:Dgp4004|talk]]) 12:53, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:Cleter|Cleter]]: I agree with @[[User:Chipmunkdavis|Chipmunkdavis]]. I've lived in the country for some time. We're used to square metres and hectares for small measurements, but larger areas are mostly spoken of in square miles (or [[List of unusual units of measurement#Other countries|Isle of Wights]] or [[List of unusual units of measurement#Wales|Wales]]). I suspect this is because road distances, which are a practical yardstick for envisaging a large area, are stated in miles. [[User:Bazza 7|Bazza]] ([[User talk:Bazza 7|talk]]) 10:53, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

== @117PXL ==

{{ping|117PXL}} You seem to misunderstand "bias" and "neutrality" as it operates on Wikipedia. Please read [[WP:BRD]], self-revert and discuss your edit here. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 12:19, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|117PXL}} when you come off your block, put forward your arguments here. If you revert again without getting consensus support first you will just get a longer block. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 23:43, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
::Apologies, I didn’t realise I would need a consensus for removing the image because I thought the bias was obvious. I will explain my thoughts…
::In Northern Ireland the pro Irish community speak Irish (Ulster-Irish) and the pro British community speak Ulster-Scots, as well as speaking English.
::There are signs in Northern Ireland that are translated into both languages, here are some examples I found:
::https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg
::https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Derry_Guildhall_Nameplate_2013_09_17.jpg
::
::https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_for_the_%22Cludgies%22%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_637820.jpg
::As you can see the ‘Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure’ is translated into both languages.
::These examples show no bias, but do highlight division, so I thought it would be wiser to remove the image, as leaving it, could annoy the pro British community.
::All thoughts are welcome. [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 21:26, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
:::Thanks. First of all whether it would "annoy the pro British community" is irrelevant and not a factor that would or could be taken into account on Wikipedia. See [[WP:NOTCENSORED]]. I think that sort of thinking has led you to misunderstand [[WP:NPOV|neutrality]] here. It's not about "balancing" conflicts - see [[WP:FALSEBALANCE]] which is not exactly on point here but is related. I don't see any "bias" in the pic you wanted to remove for a number of reasons. Ultimately it's just an instance of a multilingual sign in the UK. That's all. Having said that, the pics that you have linked to are an even better illustrations. I wouldn't have a problem with any of those. The other problem with your edit was cluttering of the Topography section with 4 pics. It's not 'bias' just to have pics from 2 countries - unnecessary clutter is a much more significant issue. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:34, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
::::{{ping|117PXL}} I see you went ahead with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&diff=1206651743&oldid=1206630955 this edit], which constitutes another revert. The above was just ''my'' opinion - I wouldn't say that is a new consensus particularly as another editor reverted you too. You've just come off a block for edit-warring the removal of the pic. Whilst the edit is ok with me, you run the risk of being re-blocked. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:03, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::The text on [[:File:Derry Guildhall Nameplate 2013 09 17.jpg]] is much harder to see in thumbnail view than that on [[:File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg]], so I disagree with 117PXL's replacement of the latter with the former (which I see has now been reverted). [[User:Cordless Larry|Cordless Larry]] ([[User talk:Cordless Larry|talk]]) 20:35, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::Sorry didn't see the latest comment. But I don't think we should have the previous photo on there. [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 21:14, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::I understand the Wikipedia rules and I understand the image doesn't look as attractive from affar. But this is the main UK page and there are two communities in Northern Ireland that have to work together. There is a Welsh image if the contrast is the issue...
::::::https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome_sign_Llandrindod.jpg [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 21:22, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::Is everyone happy with the Welsh one? [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 21:47, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I thought there was no objections to a welsh image and the long place name looked good on there? [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 23:24, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::::I think there are too many pro republic editors on here such as the last Canadian one. [[User:117PXL|117PXL]] ([[User talk:117PXL|talk]]) 23:26, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::You'd be better serve trying to get consensus for you changes rather than casting aspersions.-- [[User:Ponyo|'''Ponyo''']][[User talk:Ponyo|''bons mots'']] 23:44, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|117PXL}} What does my being a republican & a Canadian, have to do with the disputed topic? [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 01:08, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
::::::::It's at [[WP:AN3]] plus [[WP:PA]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 01:10, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 24 February 2024 ==

{{edit extended-protected|United Kingdom|answered=yes}}
update first minster post for northern irealand [[User:Saltcoats123|Saltcoats123]] ([[User talk:Saltcoats123|talk]]) 15:01, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:Saltcoats123|Saltcoats123]]: What do you want changed? Read the instructions in the template which you inserted: {{quote|"Please change X" is '''not acceptable''' and will be rejected; the request '''must''' be of the form "please change X to Y".}} Bazza 7 ([[User_talk:Bazza_7|talk]]) 15:44, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 February 2024 ==

{{Edit extended-protected|United Kingdom|answered=yes}}
Under "History - Postwar 20th Century" it is stated that the UK was a founding member of today's EU. It was not. The UK was not a signatory of the Treaty of Rome and therefore not a founding member of the EEC (present-day EU). In fact, its request to join the bloc was vetoed by France, twice. Please correct this mistake. [[User:Pandrej01|Pandrej01]] ([[User talk:Pandrej01|talk]]) 22:22, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done for now:''' please establish a [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for this alteration '''[[Wikipedia:Edit requests|before]]''' using the {{Tlx|Edit extended-protected}} template. It doesn't say it was founding member of the [[EEC]] which came into being in 1957. It says it was a founding member of the [[European Union]] which was a different entity (albeit a successor) that came into being in 1993 and which the UK was a founding member. It doesn't seem to be incorrect. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:29, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

== Rare Book ==

The Orchard Pavilion by Arthur Christopher Benson.1914 1st edition. Leather bound and Gold embossed. Printed by Ballantyne,Hanson &Co. Edinburgh. [[User:Darlene Mumford|Darlene Mumford]] ([[User talk:Darlene Mumford|talk]]) 22:21, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

== Infobox content ==

Do we ''really'' need to list England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland in the infobox? Most (if not all) other independent countries (sovereign states) don't seem to list their components in their infoboxes. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 00:30, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:How about Britain and Northern Ireland?[[User:Halbared|Halbared]] ([[User talk:Halbared|talk]]) 09:30, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Halbared|Halbared]], [[Britain]]? -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 09:40, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:@[[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]], how many other countries have countries as components? -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 09:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::Denmark and the Netherlands are both listed at [[Constituent country]] as having constituent countries, and they're not included in the respective infoboxes. [[User:Waggers|Waggers]][[User talk:Waggers|''TALK'']] 10:07, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::So not many of the 200ish sovereign states then.
:::To put that into context here then, what we are saying is, given that two of the three sovereign states that have constituent countries don't list them in their infobox, why do we list them in this article. -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 10:36, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::Correct me if I'm wrong but there's no practical difference between a "country" in this context and a "state". The [[Country]] article pretty much says as much. There are LOTS of sovereign states (or countries) that are comprised of constituent states, which may or may not be nation states. I can't pretend I've looked at all 200 sovereign state articles but of the ones I have looked at where I know they have constituent states, they don't list them in the infobox. [[User:Waggers|Waggers]][[User talk:Waggers|''TALK'']] 12:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::If 'state' and 'country' are synonymous, I wonder why it sounds so wrong to say "the United States of America is a federation of 50 countries". So I guess there is a difference. -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 14:02, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::A (n independent) [[sovereign state]] is not the same thing as a (constituent) [[U. S. state]], just like how a (constituent) UK "country" is not the same thing as a (sovereign) "country". This isn't hard to understand but everyone thinks it's hilarious to say "BUT WALES IS A ''COUNTRY''" when we're talking about sovereign states like Zambia or Paraguay. The primary administrative divisions in the UK are their "countries" (but sometimes Northern Ireland is just a "province"?) so they are equivalent to Alabama or Nebraska. They're not special just because 130 years ago, the British decided they get to compete with multiple teams in soccer tournaments. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (ko'''a'''vf)]]❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯ 01:54, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
:Good point. There's an obvious reason why the USA article doesn't list all 50 states, but equally Canada's infobox doesn't list its provinces, Australia's doesn't list its constituent states. I agree, for consistency there doesn't seem a particularly good reason why there should be an exception for the UK. [[User:Waggers|Waggers]][[User talk:Waggers|''TALK'']] 09:49, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::Infoboxes are often abused: most can be reduced by a quarter or so. This one is no different. [[User:Roger 8 Roger|Roger 8 Roger]] ([[User talk:Roger 8 Roger|talk]]) 10:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Indeed, the field being used is one for membership in international organisations. [[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]] ([[User talk:Chipmunkdavis|talk]]) 14:36, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::Presumably that should list things like NATO, which are currently ''not'' in the InfoBox because this has stolen their place. I think that makes the case for ditching the constituent country list even more compelling.... and I'm not seeing any objections so far. [[User:Waggers|Waggers]][[User talk:Waggers|''TALK'']] 14:57, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::Absolutely agree. I never before noticed that it was shoehorned in by misusing that parameter. Seems have been added in 2017 [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&diff=780886340&oldid=780236380 here]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 19:32, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::@[[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]], @[[User:Waggers|Waggers]], @[[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]], that [[Template:Infobox country|field's documentation]] supports the way it is used in this article. The example is for the EU, showing the member countries as a list in the membership field.
::::::As the UK has four member countries, that field is being correctly used, and the membership_type field is being used correctly too - to label the members as 'Countries'. -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 20:01, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Why should it matter, what parts of an independent country is called? Scotland, Ontario, Tasmania, etc etc. No matter what you call'em, each are a component of an independent country. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 20:04, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::::::::@[[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]], it doesn't - does it? The template provides a field for them and one that allows the editor to label them as whatever they are. So you could legitimately add a (collapsed) list of its 50 states to the [[USA]] article, and label the field as "states". You could add the cantons, and label them as such, to the [[Switzerland]] article if you so desierd. -- [[User:DeFacto|DeFacto]] ([[User Talk:DeFacto|talk]]). 20:12, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::Forgive me, but I just don't agree with you. IMHO, Wales, Northern Ireland, England & Scotland should be ''deleted'' from the infobox. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 20:16, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::::::DeFacto, the template documentation is precisely the opposite of what you have claimed. If you look, it says {{tq|This infobox template is used to generate an infobox for the right-hand side of two specific types of article: on a country or territory, or on a geopolitical organisation.}} It then gives the syntax, separately, for Infobox Country and Infobox Geopolitical organisation. The "Membership" parameter, not surprisingly, is only given for the geopolitical organisation. It is omitted from Infobox country. As one would expect, the EU infobox begins {{tq|Infobox geopolitical organisation}}. That's why it's there. The "Membership" parameter has been wrongly inserted in the Infobox country in this article. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:54, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

UK

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#REDIRECT [[United Kingdom]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R printworthy}}
{{R from initialism}}
{{R mentioned in a hatnote}}
}}

Mercury

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{{wiktionary|Mercury|mercury}}

'''Mercury''' most commonly refers to:
* [[Mercury (planet)]], the nearest planet to the Sun
* [[Mercury (element)]], a metallic chemical element with the symbol Hg
* [[Mercury (mythology)]], a Roman god

'''Mercury''' or '''The Mercury''' may also refer to:
{{tocright}}

== Companies ==
* [[Mercury (company)]], a financial technology company
* [[Mercury (toy manufacturer)]], a brand of diecast toy cars manufactured in Italy
* [[Mercury Communications]], a British telecommunications firm set up in the 1980s
* [[Mercury Corporation]], an American aircraft manufacturer
* [[Mercury Cyclecar Company]], a defunct American car company
* [[Mercury Drug]], a Philippine pharmacy chain
* [[Mercury Energy]], an electricity generation and retail company in New Zealand
* [[Mercury Filmworks]], a Canadian independent animation studio
* [[Mercury General]], a multiple-line American insurance organization
* [[Mercury Interactive]], a software testing tools vendor
* [[Mercury Marine]], a manufacturer of marine engines, particularly outboard motors
* [[Mercury Systems]], a defense-related information technology company
* [[Mercury Truck & Tractor Company]], a defunct English manufacturer of industrial vehicles
* Shenzhen Mercury Communication Technology Co., Ltd., a Chinese market subsidiary of [[TP-Link]]

== Computing ==
* [[Mercury (programming language)]], a functional logic programming language
* [[Mercury (metadata search system)]], a data search system for earth science research
* [[Ferranti Mercury]], an early 1950s commercial computer
* [[Mercury Browser]], a freeware mobile browser
* [[Mercury Mail Transport System]], an email server

== Film and television==
* [[Mercury (film)|''Mercury'' (film)]], a 2018 Indian silent horror thriller by Karthik Subbaraj
* [[Mercury (TV series)|''Mercury'' (TV series)]], an Australian television series
* [[List of RWBY characters#Mercury Black|Mercury Black]], a character in the ''RWBY'' web series
* [[Sailor Mercury]], a character in the ''Sailor Moon'' manga and anime franchise

==Literature==
===Comics===
* [[Mercury (Marvel Comics)]], a character who can turn herself into a mercurial substance
* [[Makkari (comics)]] or Mercury, an Eternal, a Marvel Comics race of superhumans
* Mercury, a member of the [[Metal Men]], a DC Comics team
* Mercury, a member of [[Cerebro's X-Men]]
* Mercury, an [[List of Amalgam Comics characters#JLX #1|Amalgam Comics character]]

===Magazines===
* [[Mercury (magazine)|''Mercury'' (magazine)]], an astronomy magazine
* ''[[The American Mercury]]'', originally a literary magazine, gradually more political

===Newspapers===

* [[The Mercury (Hobart)|''The Mercury'' (Hobart)]], Tasmania, Australia
* [[The Mercury (South Africa)|''The Mercury'' (South Africa)]], Durban
* [[The Mercury (Pennsylvania)|''The Mercury'' (Pennsylvania)]], US
* [[Mercury (Newport)|''Mercury'' (Newport)]], Rhode Island, US
* ''The Mercury'', former name of the ''[[Reading Mercury]]''
* [[The Mercury News]], San Jose, California daily newspaper
* [[List of newspapers named Mercury|List of newspapers named ''Mercury'']], for newspapers whose titles include that word

===Novels===
* [[Mercury (Bova novel)|''Mercury'' (Bova novel)]], a novel by Ben Bova
* [[Mercury (Livesey novel)|''Mercury'' (Livesey novel)]], a novel by Margot Livesey
* ''Mercury'', a novel by [[Anna Kavan]]

==Music==
* [[Mercury Nashville]], a record label
* [[Mercury Records]], a record label
* [[Mercury Prize]], an annual music prize awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom
* "[[Mercury, the Winged Messenger]]", a movement in Gustav Holst's ''The Planets''

===Albums===
* [[Mercury (American Music Club album)|''Mercury'' (American Music Club album)]] (1993)
* [[Mercury (Longview album)|''Mercury'' (Longview album)]] (2003)
* [[Mercury (Madder Mortem album)|''Mercury'' (Madder Mortem album)]] (1999)
* ''[[Mercury – Act 1]]'' (2021), by Imagine Dragons
* ''[[Mercury – Act 2|Mercury – Acts 1 & 2]]'' (2022), by Imagine Dragons

===Songs===
* [[Mercury (song)|"Mercury" (song)]], a 2008 song by Bloc Party
* "Mercury", a song by Counting Crows from ''[[Recovering the Satellites]]''
* "Mercury", a song by Kathleen Edwards from ''[[Failer]]''
* "Mercury", a song by Sufjan Stevens, Bryce Dessner, Nico Muhly and James McAlister from ''[[Planetarium (album)|Planetarium]]''

==Military==
* [[Operation Mercury]], codename for the German invasion of Crete during World War II
* [[Boeing E-6 Mercury]], an American aircraft used as an airborne command post and communications relay
* [[Miles Mercury]], a British aircraft designed during the Second World War
* {{HMS|Mercury}}, various vessels or shore establishments of that name
* {{USS|Mercury}}, seven vessels of that name
* {{ship|Russian brig|Mercury}}, an 1820 warship
* [[Mercury (pigeon)]], honored for bravery during World War II

==People==
* [[Mercury (name)]], including a list of people with that surname or given name

==Places==
* [[Mercury, Savoie]], a commune in southeastern France
* [[Mercury Bay]], New Zealand
* Mercury, a [[List of places in Alabama|place in Alabama]]
* [[Mercury, Nevada]], a closed city within the Nevada Test Site, United States
* [[Mercury, Texas]], United States

== Plants ==
* [[Mercury (plant)]], members of the plant genus ''Mercurialis''
* [[Annual mercury]] (''Mercurialis annua''), a species of flowering plant
* [[English Mercury|English mercury]], or mercury goosefoot (''Blitum bonus-henricus''), a species of goosefoot

== Radio ==
* [[Mercury FM]], a radio station in Surrey, United Kingdom
* [[Mercury 96.6]] or Heart Hertfordshire, a radio station in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

==Sports==
* [[Edmonton Mercurys]], a 1940s and 1950s intermediate ice hockey team from Canada
* [[Fujita Soccer Club Mercury]], a Japanese women's football team active from 1989 to 1999
* [[Memphis Mercury]], American women's soccer team
* [[Phoenix Mercury]], a Women's National Basketball Association team from Arizona, United States
* [[Toledo Mercurys]], a defunct International Hockey League franchise from Ohio, United States

==Theatres==
* [[Mercury Theatre (disambiguation)]], a list of Mercury theatres

==Vehicles==
===Air===
* [[Blackburn Mercury]], a British aircraft from 1911
* [[Bristol Mercury]], a nine-cylinder aircraft engine

===Land===
* [[Mercury (automobile)]], brand of automobiles produced by the Ford Motor Company from 1938 to 2011
:*[[List of Mercury vehicles]]
* [[Mercury (cyclecar)]], an American cyclecar from 1914
* [[Mercury (train)|''Mercury'' (train)]], a family of New York Central streamliner passenger trains (1936–1958)

===Sea===
* {{ship||Mercury|ship}}, several ships of that name
* [[Cape Cod Mercury 15]], an American sailboat design
* [[Mercury 18]], an American sailboat design

===Space===
* [[Project Mercury]], a United States human spaceflight program, 1958–1963
* [[Mercury (satellite)]], a series of American spy satellites

==Other uses==
* ''[[Archer Maclean's Mercury]]'', a 2005 PlayStation Portable video game
* [[Mercury (cipher machine)]], a 1950s British cipher machine
* [[Mercury Boulevard]] in Virginia, United States
* [[Mercury Cinema]], a theatre in Adelaide, Australia
* [[Shuttle America]]'s callsign
* [[The Mercury Mall]], a shopping centre in Romford, England

==See also==
{{Commons|mercury}}
* {{look from}}
* ''[[The American Mercury]]'', an American magazine published from 1924 to 1981
* [[Mercuri]], a surname and list of people with the surname
* [[Mercury 1 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 2 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 3 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 4 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 5 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 6 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 7 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury 8 (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury City (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury FM (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury House (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury mission (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury program (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mercury project (disambiguation)]]
* {{in title|Mercury}}

{{disambiguation|geo}}

United Kingdom

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{{Short description|Country in Northwestern Europe}}
{{Redirect|UK|other uses|United Kingdom (disambiguation)|and|UK (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = United Kingdom
| linking_name = the United Kingdom
| conventional_long_name = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
| alt_flag = A flag composed of a red cross edged in white and superimposed on a red saltire, also edged in white, superimposed on a white saltire on a blue background
| image_coat =
| other_symbol = [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (both variants).svg|250px]] Used in relation to Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)
| other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Coats of arms]]:
| national_anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"{{Efn|There is no authorised version of the national anthem as the words are a matter of tradition; only the first verse is usually sung.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=National Anthem |url=https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem |access-date=4 June 2016 |publisher=The Royal Family |last1=Berry |first1=Ciara |archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424203409/https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem |url-status=live }}</ref> No statute has been enacted designating "God Save the King" as the official anthem. In the English tradition, such laws are not necessary; [[proclamation]] and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem. "God Save the King" also serves as the [[Honors music|Royal anthem]] for certain [[Commonwealth realms]]. The words ''King, he, him, his'', used at present, are replaced by ''Queen, she, her'' when the monarch is female.}} <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen ]]</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Europe-UK.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[File:Territorial waters - United Kingdom.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show [[British Overseas Territories]], [[Crown Dependencies]] and [[Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom|the exclusive economic zones]]|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{Map caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey}}
| capital = [[London]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city_region:GB}}
| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language {{Nobold|and national language}}
| languages = {{indented plainlist|
* [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]'')
}}
| languages2_type = Regional and minority languages{{Efn|Scots, Ulster Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish Gaelic and Irish are classed as [[Regional language|regional]] or [[Minority language|minority]] languages under the [[Council of Europe]]'s [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref name="reglang">{{Cite web |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |access-date=12 December 2013 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These include defined obligations to promote those languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014121/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |title=Welsh language scheme |work=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014119/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |title=Welsh language scheme |work=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802010917/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme |url-status=live }}</ref> See also [[Languages of the United Kingdom]]. Welsh has limited ''[[de jure]]'' official status in Wales, as well as in the provision of national government services provided for Wales.}}
| languages2 = {{Hlist

|[[Scots language|Scots]]
|[[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]]

|[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|[[Cornish language|Cornish]]

|[[Scottish Gaelic]]
|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|[[British Sign Language]]
}}
| ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|87.1% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
|7.0% [[British Asian|Asian]]
|3.0% [[Black British|Black]]
|2.0% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
|0.9% other
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]]
| demonym = {{Hlist|[[British people|British]]|Briton|Brit (colloquial)}}
| membership = {{Plainlist|
* [[England]]
* [[Scotland]]
* [[Wales]]
* [[Northern Ireland]]}}
| membership_type = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Countries]]
| government_type = Unitary{{Efn|Although the United Kingdom has traditionally been seen as a [[unitary state]], an alternative description of the UK as a "union state", put forward by, among others, [[Vernon Bogdanor]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradbury |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19 |title=Constitutional Policy and Territorial Politics in the UK: Volume 1: Union and Devolution 1997–2012 |date=2021 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-5292-0588-6 |pages=19–20}}</ref> has become increasingly influential since the adoption of devolution in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leith |first=Murray Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39 |title=Political Discourse and National Identity in Scotland |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-8862-3 |page=39}}</ref> A union state is considered to differ from a unitary state in that while it maintains a central authority it also recognises the authority of historic rights and infrastructures of its component parts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gagnon |first1=Alain-G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47 |title=Multinational Democracies |last2=Tully |first2=James |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80473-8 |page=47}}; {{Cite book |last=Bogdanor |first=Vernon |title=Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles |date=1998 |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-901362-84-8 |editor-last=Beatson |editor-first=Jack |location=Oxford |page=18 |chapter=Devolution: the Constitutional Aspects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEEgDsCYmbQC&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA18}}</ref>}} [[Constitutional monarchy#England, Scotland and the United Kingdom|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Charles III]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Rishi Sunak]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[House of Lords]]
| lower_house = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542|Laws in Wales Acts]]
| established_date1 = 1535 and 1542
| established_event2 = [[Union of the Crowns]]
| established_date2 = 24 March 1603
| established_event3 = [[Treaty of Union]]
| established_date3 = 22 July 1706
| established_event4 = [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union of England and Scotland]]
| established_date4 = 1 May 1707
| established_event5 = [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| established_date5 = 1 January 1801
| established_event6 = [[Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922|Irish Free State Constitution Act]]
| established_date6 = 6 December 1922
| area_label = Total{{efn|name=ONSArea|[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water'. Excludes [[Channel Islands]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[British Overseas Territories]].}}
| area_km2 = 244376
| area_footnote = <ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom-v2/about |title=Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom (V2) |author= |date=5 April 2023 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215160159/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom-v2/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_rank = 78th
| area_sq_mi = auto
| area_label2 = Land{{efn|name=ONSLandArea|[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'. Excludes [[Channel Islands]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[British Overseas Territories]].}}
| area_data2 = {{convert|242741|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/>
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 67,596,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2022 |title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |last= |first= |date=26 March 2024 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 22nd
| population_census = 63,182,178<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 UK censuses |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=10 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110024239/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 276
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_density_rank = 51st
| pop_den_footnote =<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland |title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |last=Park |first=Neil |date=21 December 2022 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712065656/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2016%2Fukmidyearestimates2016.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.872 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (UK) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017013417/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=112,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,836<ref name="IMFWEO.UK" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 27th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.332 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.UK" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 6th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $48,913<ref name="IMFWEO.UK" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21st
| Gini = 35.4
| Gini_year = 2021
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Income inequality |url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=OECD Data |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.940
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 15th
| currency = [[Pound sterling]]{{Efn|Some of the devolved countries, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies, or use another nation's currency. See [[List of British currencies]] for more information.}}
| currency_code = GBP
| utc_offset = +0
| time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]], [[Western European Time|WET]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| time_zone_DST = [[British Summer Time]], [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| DST_note = {{Efn|Also observed by the [[Crown Dependencies]], and in the two British Overseas Territories of [[Gibraltar]] and [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (though in the latter, without daylight saving time). For further information, see [[Time in the United Kingdom#British territories]].}}
| date_format = {{plainlist|
* {{Abbr|dd|day}}/{{Abbr|mm|month}}/{{Abbr|yyyy|year}}
* {{Abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{Abbr|mm|month}}-{{Abbr|dd|day}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
}}
| drives_on = left{{Efn|Except two overseas territories: [[Gibraltar]] and the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]}}
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|+44]]{{Efn|[[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom#Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories|Excludes most overseas territories]]}}
| cctld = [[.uk]]{{Efn|The [[.gb]] domain is also reserved for the UK, but has been little used.}}
}}

The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''' ('''UK''') or '''Britain''',{{Efn|Usage is mixed. The ''[https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u Guardian]'' and ''[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places-and-people Telegraph]'' use Britain as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Some prefer to use Britain as shorthand for [[Great Britain]]. The British [[Cabinet Office]]'s [[Government Digital Service]] [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#great-britain style guide] for use on [[gov.uk]] recommends: "Use UK and United Kingdom in preference to Britain and British (UK business, UK foreign policy, ambassador and high commissioner). But British embassy, not UK embassy."}} is a [[country]] in [[Northwestern Europe]], off the north-western coast of the [[European mainland|continental mainland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2 |website=GOV.UK |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=12 February 2024 |at=10.2 Definitions |quote=usually shortened to United Kingdom ... The abbreviation is UK or U.K. |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082418/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |url-status=live }}</ref> It comprises [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |title=A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023) |author= |date=24 August 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |url-status=live }}</ref> It includes the island of [[Great Britain]], the north-eastern part of the island of [[Ireland]], and most of the [[List of islands of the United Kingdom|smaller islands]] within the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223902/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.}}</ref> Northern Ireland shares [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border|a land border]] with the [[Republic of Ireland]]; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the [[Atlantic Ocean]], the [[North Sea]], the [[English Channel]], the [[Celtic Sea]], and the [[Irish Sea]]. The total area of the United Kingdom is {{Convert|244376|km2|sqmi|order=flip}},{{efn|name=ONSArea}}<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> with an estimated population of just over 67 million people in 2021.<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est" />

The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The [[Treaty of Union]] between the [[Kingdom of England]] (which included [[Wales]]) and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] in 1707 resulted in their unification to become the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. Its [[Acts of Union 1800|union in 1801]] with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] created the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, thus creating the terrority of Northern Ireland and the present United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which formally adopted its name in 1927.{{Efn|The 1921 [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] resolved the [[Irish War of Independence]]. When it took effect one year later, it established the [[Irish Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1927 the [[Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927]] changed the name of the UK to reflect this.}} The nearby [[Isle of Man]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]] and [[Jersey]] are not part of the UK, being [[Crown Dependencies]], but the [[British government]] is responsible for their defence and international representation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |url= http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom. The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.}}</ref>

The UK became the first [[Industrialisation|industrialised]] country and was the world's [[foremost power]] for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "[[Pax Britannica]]" between 1815 and 1914.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathias |first=P. |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-26672-7 |location=London}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |url= https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-465-02328-8 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=20th-century international relations |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=4 May 2023 |last=McDougall |first=Walter A. |author-link=Walter A. McDougall |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712124130/https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Empire]], at its height in the 1920s, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the [[List of largest empires#Empires at their greatest extent|largest empire in history]]; however, its involvement in the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]] damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of [[decolonisation]] led to the independence of most British colonies.<ref>{{cite book |first=Judith |last=Brown |author-link=Judith M. Brown |title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924679-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |ref=refOHBEv4 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103114315/http://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC |url-status=live }} p. 319</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Wm. Roger |last=Louis |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |ref=refLouis2006 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222045215/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |url-status=live }} p. 337</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Abernethy |title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-09314-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |ref=refAbernethy2000 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214082531/http://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC |url-status=live }} p. 146</ref> British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|its former colonies]], and the [[Culture of the United Kingdom|UK's culture]] remains globally influential, particularly [[English-speaking world|in language]], [[British literature|literature]], [[Music of the United Kingdom|music]] and [[Sport in the United Kingdom|sport]]. [[English language|English]] is the world's [[List of languages by total number of speakers|most widely spoken language]] and the [[list of languages by number of native speakers|third-most spoken native language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|website=Ethnologue|date=2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618053740/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United Kingdom is a [[constitutional monarchy]] and [[parliamentary democracy]].{{Efn|The United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments, traditions, and conventions.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is the UK Constitution? |date=9 August 2018 |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution |publisher=The Constitution Unit of UCL |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107060057/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604151257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx |date=4 June 2019 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ |date=9 January 2021 }} CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> Due to areas retaining existing legal systems after joining, the UK has three distinct jurisdictions; [[English Law|England and Wales]], [[Scots Law|Scotland]] and [[Northern Irish Law|Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dewart |first1=Megan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |title=The Scottish Legal System |date=2019 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-5265-0633-7 |location=UK |page=57 |quote=The laws and legal institutions of Scotland and of England and Wales were not merged by the Union of 1707. Thus, they remain separate ‘law areas’, with separate court systems (as does Northern Ireland), and it is necessary to distinguish Scots law and English law (and Northern Irish law). |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704040048/https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=The justice system and the constitution |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521180341/https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/ |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary |quote=The United Kingdom has three separate legal systems; one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins and the fact that both Scotland and Ireland, and later Northern Ireland, retained their own legal systems and traditions under the Acts of Union 1707 and 1800. }}</ref>
The capital, therefore the capital of England which is not devolved as a whole, and [[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|largest city of the United Kingdom]] is [[London]]. Other major cities include [[Birmingham]], [[Liverpool]], [[Nottingham]], [[Sheffield]], [[Bristol]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Leicester]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population of Cities in United Kingdom 2023|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/united-kingdom|access-date=21 February 2023|publisher=World Population Review|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221092116/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland's national capital cities are [[Edinburgh]], [[Cardiff]] and [[Belfast]], respectively. The nations, since 1998, have their own [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolved]] governments, legislatures and varying other powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |access-date=17 April 2013 |publisher=United Kingdom Government |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations... |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718065448/https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archive-date=4 April 2010 |access-date=28 March 2010 |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre }}</ref>

The UK has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product]] (GDP), and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|ninth-largest by purchasing power parity]]. It is a recognised [[nuclear state]] and is ranked [[List of countries by military expenditures|fourth globally in military expenditure]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2021 |title=IISS Military Balance 2021 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20 |journal=The Military Balance |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791 |access-date=1 October 2021 |s2cid=232050862 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001220232/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791?journalCode=tmib20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |type=fact sheet |last1=da Silva |first1=Diego Lopes |last2=Tian |first2=Nan |last3=Béraud-Sudreau |first3=Lucie |last4=Marksteiner |first4=Alexandra |last5=Liang |first5=Xiao |date=April 2022 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021 |publisher=[[SIPRI]] |doi=10.55163/DZJD8826 |s2cid=248305949 |doi-access=free |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425064753/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has been [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|a permanent member of]] the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[G7]], the [[OECD]], [[NATO]], the [[Five Eyes]], [[AUKUS]] and the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|CPTPP]].

== Etymology and terminology ==
{{Anchor|Etymology}}
{{See also|Britain (place name)|Terminology of the British Isles}}

In {{nowrap|43 AD}}, ''Britannia'' referred to the [[Roman province]] that encompassed modern [[England and Wales]]. Great Britain encompassed the whole island, taking in the land north of the [[River Forth]] known to the Romans as [[Caledonia]] in modern [[Scotland]] (i.e. "greater" Britain).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volume 10 – History of Greater Britain, as well England as Scotland – Series 1 – National Library of Scotland |url=https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/125648349#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&xywh=-1246,-232,3829,4638 |website=digital.nls.uk |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629100751/https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/125648349#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&xywh=-1246,-232,3829,4638 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]], the name "Britain" was also applied to a small part of [[France]] now known as [[Brittany]]. As a result, [[Great Britain]] (likely from the French "{{lang|fr|Grande Bretagne}}") came into use to refer specifically to the island, with Brittany often referred to as "Little Britain".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rasBRQwwOIIC&pg=PA247 |title=Social Work in the British Isles |last2=Shardlow |first2=Steven |date=2002 |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-85302-833-5 |location=UK |page=247 |author-link=Malcolm Payne |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314021637/https://books.google.com/books?id=rasBRQwwOIIC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, that name had no official significance until 1707, when the island's kingdoms of [[England]] and Scotland were united as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Richmond |first1=Ian Archibald |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |year=2012 |editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=Simon |chapter=Caledonia |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-1258 |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |access-date=14 February 2021 |last2=Millett |first2=Martin J. Millett |editor2-last=Spawforth |editor2-first=Antony |editor3-last=Eidinow |editor3-first=Esther |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508085121/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-1258 |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=What's the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-great-britain-and-the-united-kingdom |website=Britannica |first1=John M. |last1=Cunningham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142523/https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-great-britain-and-the-united-kingdom |archive-date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Acts of Union 1707]] declared that the [[Kingdom of England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland]] were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".{{Efn|Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 [[Acts of Union (1800)|Acts of Union]] which reads: the ''Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall...be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"''.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Scots History Online |postscript=; }} {{Cite book |last1=Barnett, Hilaire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165 |title=Constitutional & Administrative Law |last2=Jago, Robert |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-56301-7 |edition=8th |location=Abingdon |page=165 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140722/https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165 |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "United Kingdom" has occasionally been used as a description for the former [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], although its official name from 1707 to 1800 was simply "Great Britain".<ref>"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain{{'"}}, ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); {{Cite web |last=Gascoigne, Bamber |author-link=Bamber Gascoigne |title=History of Great Britain (from 1707) |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07 |access-date=18 July 2011 |publisher=History World |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527205230/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Acts of Union 1800]] united the kingdoms of [[Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] in 1801, forming the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. Following the [[partition of Ireland]] and the independence of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, which left [[Northern Ireland]] as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom, the name was changed in 1927 to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cottrell, P. |url=https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573 |title=The Irish Civil War 1922–23 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-270-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573/page/n85 85] |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Although the United Kingdom is a sovereign country, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also widely referred to as [[countries]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=S. Dunn |title=An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict |year=2000 |place=[[Lewiston, New York]] |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |quote=One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself: in the general sense, it is not a country, or a province, or a state – although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet: the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction, but this might change. |last2=H. Dawson}}; {{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf |access-date=28 May 2012 |website=ISO 3166-2 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073956/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom.<ref name="page823">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2003 |title=Countries within a country |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office}}</ref> Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 1 regions]] refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as "regions".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045523/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=5 March 2014}}; {{Cite web |title=13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession |url=http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194604/http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref> Northern Ireland is also referred to as a "province".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunn, Seamus |title=An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict |last2=Dawson, Helen |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7734-7711-7 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]]}}; {{Cite book |last=Murphy, Dervla |title=[[A Place Apart]] |publisher=Penguin |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-14-005030-1 |location=London}}</ref> With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used "can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=John |title=Interpreting Northern Ireland |last2=FitzGerald |first2=Garret |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-827380-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=John Henry Whyte |author-link2=Garret FitzGerald}}</ref>

The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2008 |title=Guardian Unlimited Style Guide |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html |access-date=23 August 2011 }}; {{Cite news |date=19 August 2002 |title=BBC style guide (Great Britain) |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g |access-date=23 August 2011 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215074832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Government, citizens and rights |publisher=HM Government }}</ref> It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole.<ref>[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> The word ''England'' is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK.<ref>"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — {{Citation |last=George Mikes |title=How To Be An Alien |year=1946 |publisher=Penguin}} {{ISBN|978-0-582-41686-4}}; {{Cite web |title=England OR United Kingdom (UK)? {{!}} Vocabulary {{!}} EnglishClub |url=https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=www.englishclub.com |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016192638/https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Britain (place name)|term "Britain"]] is used as a synonym for [[Great Britain]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024348/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain |archive-date=26 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries – English }}</ref><ref name="Britain-Col">{{Cite web |title=Britain definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024837/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners |url=http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain |website=learnersdictionary.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024648/http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Britain-Col" /> Usage is mixed: the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] prefers to use the term "UK" rather than "Britain" or "British" on its website (except when referring to embassies),<ref>{{Cite web |title=A to Z – Style guide |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#B |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=UK Government |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807183523/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z-of-gov-uk-style#B |url-status=live }}</ref> while acknowledging that both terms refer to the United Kingdom and that elsewhere "British government" is used at least as frequently as "United Kingdom government".<ref name="PCGN-uk-guide">{{Cite web |last=Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |title=Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines |website=gov.uk |date=17 May 2023 |publisher=UK Government |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165832/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK [[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names]] recognises "United Kingdom", "UK" and "U.K." as shortened and abbreviated geopolitical terms for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in its toponymic guidelines; it does not list "Britain" but notes that "it is only the one specific nominal term 'Great Britain' which invariably excludes Northern Ireland".<ref name="PCGN-uk-guide" /> The [[BBC]] historically preferred to use "Britain" as shorthand only for Great Britain, though the present style guide does not take a position except that "Great Britain" excludes Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News style guide – Names |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110082858/https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=BBC Academy |publisher=BBC}}; {{Cite web |title=Alphabetical checklist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326162901/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

The adjective "British" is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom and is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and [[British nationality law|matters to do with nationality]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bradley, Anthony Wilfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36 |title=Constitutional and administrative law |last2=Ewing, Keith D. |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-1207-8 |edition=14th |volume=1 |location=Harlow |page=36 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref> People of the United Kingdom use several different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being [[British people|British]], [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[People of Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]], or [[Irish people|Irish]];<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself? |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |access-date=1 July 2010 |website=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010 |publisher=ARK – Access Research Knowledge |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175111/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or as having a combination of different national identities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121012603/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Schrijver, Frans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275 |title=Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-5629-428-1 |pages=275–277 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140905/https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The official designation for a citizen of the United Kingdom is "British citizen".<ref name="PCGN-uk-guide" />

== History ==
{{Main|Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|History of the British Isles}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of British history}}

=== Prior to the Treaty of Union ===
{{Main|History of England|History of Wales|History of Scotland|History of Ireland}}

[[File:Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG|thumb|[[Stonehenge]] in [[Wiltshire]] is a ring of stones, each about {{Cvt|13|ft|0|order=flip}} high, {{Cvt|7|ft|0|order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200 BC.]]
Settlement by [[Cro-Magnons]] of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/7069001.stm |date=13 February 2021 }}". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> The island has been continuously inhabited only since the last retreat of the ice around 11,500 years ago. By the end of the [[Prehistoric Britain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprising [[Britons (historical)|Brittonic Britain]] and [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koch, John T. |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |url-access=limited}}</ref>
[[File:Baños Romanos, Bath, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 39-41 HDR.JPG|alt=Photograph of the Baths showing a rectangular area of greenish water surrounded by yellow stone buildings with pillars. In the background is the tower of the abbey.|thumb|The [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].]]

The [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman conquest]], beginning in 43 AD, and the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule of southern Britain]], was followed by an invasion by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducing the Brittonic area mainly [[Wales#Post-Roman era|to what was to become Wales]], [[Cornwall]] and, until the latter stages of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, the [[Hen Ogledd]] (northern England and parts of southern Scotland).<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |editor-last=Davies |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Davies (historian) |location=Cardiff |page=915 |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Nigel |editor-link2=Nigel Jenkins |editor-last3=Baines |editor-first3=Menna |editor-last4=Lynch |editor-first4=Peredur I. |editor-link4=Peredur Lynch}}</ref> Most of the [[Anglo-Saxon England|region settled by the Anglo-Saxons]] became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Short Athelstan biography |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |magazine=BBC History |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=13 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213191353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic-speakers in north-west Britain]] (with connections to the north-east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackie, J.D. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 |title=A History of Scotland |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18–19] |author-link=J.D. Mackie}}; {{Cite book |last=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |publisher=Canongate |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-86241-874-8 |location=Edinburgh |pages=8–15}}</ref> united with the [[Picts]] to create the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30 |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30 30]}}</ref>
[[File:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|thumb|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.]]
In 1066, the [[Normans]] invaded England from northern France. After [[Norman conquest of England|conquering England]], they seized [[Norman invasion of Wales|large parts of Wales]], [[Norman invasion of Ireland|conquered much of Ireland]] and were invited to settle in Scotland, bringing to each country [[feudalism]] on the Northern French model and [[Norman-French]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganshof, F.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5 |title=Feudalism |publisher=University of Toronto |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3 |page=165 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] [[ruling class]] greatly influenced, but eventually assimilated with, the local cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chibnall, Marjorie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115 |title=The Debate on the Norman Conquest |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7190-4913-2 |pages=115–122 |author-link=Marjorie Chibnall |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent [[House of Plantagenet|medieval English kings]] completed the [[conquest of Wales]] and tried unsuccessfully [[Wars of Scottish Independence|to annex Scotland]]. Asserting its independence in the 1320 [[Declaration of Arbroath]], Scotland maintained its independence thereafter, albeit in [[Anglo-Scottish Wars|near-constant conflict with England]].

The English monarchs, through inheritance of [[Angevin Empire|substantial territories in France]] and claims to the French crown, were also heavily involved in conflicts in France, most notably the [[Hundred Years' War]], while the [[List of Scottish monarchs|Kings of Scots]] were in [[Auld Alliance|an alliance with the French]] during this period.<ref>Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214092949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml |date=14 December 2013 }}. BBC History.</ref>
[[Early modern Britain]] saw religious conflict resulting from the [[Reformation]] and the introduction of [[Protestant]] state churches in each country.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515015218/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland |date=15 May 2015 }} and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521133445/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period |date=21 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> The [[English Reformation]] ushered in political, constitutional, social and cultural change in the 16th century and [[State religion|established]] the [[Church of England]]. Moreover, it defined a national identity for England and slowly, but profoundly, changed people's religious beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Reformation c1527-1590 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/ |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202002512/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Wales was [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 November 2009 |title=British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |magazine=BBC History |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145836/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholls |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |publisher=Blackwell |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |location=Oxford |pages=171–172 |url-access=registration}}</ref> In what was to become Northern Ireland, the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and [[Plantation of Ulster|given to Protestant settlers]] from England and Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Canny |first=Nicholas P. |url=https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann |title=Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-925905-2 |pages=189–200 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In 1603, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in a [[personal union]] when [[James I of England|James VI, King of Scots]], inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from [[Edinburgh]] to London; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal, and religious institutions.<ref>Ross, D. (2002). ''[[iarchive:chronologyofscot0000ross|Chronology of Scottish History]]''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. {{ISBN|978-1-85534-380-1}}; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. {{ISBN|978-1-902930-16-9}}</ref>

In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|were involved in a series of connected wars]] (including the [[English Civil War]]) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the [[execution of Charles I|execution of King Charles I]], and the establishment of the short-lived [[unitary republic]] of the [[Commonwealth of England]], Scotland and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=English Civil Wars |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502204708/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=14 March 2010 |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Archontology.org |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194016/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy was restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] along with the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]] in England and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] in Scotland ensured that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, [[royal absolutism]] would not prevail, and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne. The [[British constitution]] would develop on the basis of [[constitutional monarchy]] and the [[parliamentary system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4 |page=8 |orig-date=1910 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140723/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |url-status=live }}</ref> With the founding of the [[Royal Society]] in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. During this period, particularly in England, the development of [[English navy|naval power]] and the interest in [[Age of Discovery|voyages of discovery]] led to the acquisition and settlement of [[First British Empire|overseas colonies]], particularly in North America and the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy |url=http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103013901/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=Royal Navy History |publisher=Institute of Naval History }}; {{Cite book |last=Canny |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC |title=The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924676-2 |ref=refOHBEv1 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135256/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though previous attempts at uniting the two kingdoms within Great Britain in 1606, 1667, and 1689 had proved unsuccessful, the attempt initiated in 1705 led to the [[Treaty of Union]] of 1706 being agreed and ratified by both parliaments.
{{Clear left}}

=== Kingdom of Great Britain ===
{{Main|Treaty of Union|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
[[File:Treaty of Union.jpg|thumb|The [[Treaty of Union]] led to a united kingdom of all of [[Great Britain]].]]
On 1 May 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed, the result of the [[Acts of Union 1707]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |access-date=19 October 2008 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608152446/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Acts of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny |access-date=6 January 2011 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227033859/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=3 February 2011 |publisher=Scottish History online }}</ref>

In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime minister (1721–1742). A series of [[Jacobite uprisings]] sought to remove the Protestant [[House of Hanover]] from the throne and restore the Catholic [[House of Stuart]]. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the [[Battle of Culloden]] in 1746, after which the [[Scottish Highlanders]] were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of [[Scottish clan chief|clan chiefs]]. The British colonies in North America that broke away in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] became the [[United States]], recognised by Britain in 1783. British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to [[India]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140724/https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 |date=28 March 2024 }}, p. 73.</ref>

Britain played a leading part in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], mainly between 1662 and 1807 when British or British-colonial [[slave ships]] transported nearly 3.3 million slaves from Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12 |title=Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-156627-1 |page=12 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The slaves were taken to work on [[Plantation economy|plantations]], principally in the [[History of the British West Indies|Caribbean]] but also [[British America|North America]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15 |title=Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-156627-1 |page=15 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Slavery coupled with the [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|Caribbean sugar industry]] had a significant role in strengthening the British economy in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6IUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America |date=2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923899-6 |page=83 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141230/https://books.google.com/books?id=u6IUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, with pressure from the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionism movement]], Parliament banned the trade in 1807, banned slavery in the British Empire in 1833, and Britain took a role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide through the [[blockade of Africa]] and pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103004954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml |date=3 November 2008 }}. BBC Devon. 2007.; {{Cite book |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290 |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-78012-4 |edition=2nd |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290 290] }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ===
{{Main|History of the United Kingdom|Acts of Union (1800)|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
In 1800 the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act of Union |url=http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061235/http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=15 May 2006 |publisher=Act of Union Virtual Library}}</ref>
[[File:John Wilson Carmichael - The opening engagement at Trafalgar; H.M.S. 'Royal Sovereign' raking the stern of the Spanish flagship 'Santa Ana'.jpg|thumb|The opening engagement at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], by [[James Wilson Carmichael|J.W. Carmichael]]]]
After the defeat of France at the end of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), the United Kingdom emerged as the principal naval and imperial power (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|978-2-7605-1588-8}}.</ref> [[Royal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], British dominance was later described as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("British Peace"), a period of [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|relative peace among the great powers]] (1815–1914) during which the [[British Empire]] became the global [[hegemon]] and adopted the role of global policeman.<ref>[[#refJohnston2008|Johnston]], pp. 508–510.; [[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p. 332.; Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|978-1-86189-202-7}}.; {{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924678-6 |page=332 |ref=refOHBEv3}}</ref> By the time of [[the Great Exhibition]] of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world".<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Workshop of the World |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |magazine=BBC History |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015200153/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1853 to 1856, Britain took part in the [[Crimean War]], allied with the [[Ottoman Empire]] against [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benn |first=David Wedgwood |title=The Crimean War and its lessons for today |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=88 |issue=2 |date=March 2012 |pages=387–391 |jstor=41428613 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01078.x }}</ref> participating in the naval battles of the [[Baltic Sea]] known as the [[Åland War]] in the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] and the [[Gulf of Finland]], among others.<ref>[https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html ''Nordisk familjebok'' (1913), s. 435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209123019/https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0252.html |date=9 December 2023 }} (in Swedish)</ref> Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion in 1857]], the British government led by [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] assumed [[direct rule]] over [[British Raj|India]]. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively [[Informal Empire|controlled the economies]] of regions such as [[East Asia]] and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924678-6 |page=8 |ref=refOHBEv3 }}; {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=P.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |pages=156–157 |ref=refMarshall |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094154/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Queen Victoria Statue.png|thumb|[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] reigned as [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]] and [[Empress of India]] during the 19th century.]]Throughout the [[Victorian era]], political attitudes favoured [[free trade]] and [[laissez-faire]] policies, as well as a [[Reform Acts|gradual widening of the voting franchise]], with the [[Representation of the People Act 1884|1884 Reform Act]] championed by [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] granting [[suffrage]] to a majority of males for the first time. The British population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid [[Urbanization|urbanisation]], causing significant social and economic stresses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tompson |first=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63 |title=Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present |publisher=Facts on File |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8160-4474-0 |location=New York |page=63}}</ref> By the late 19th century, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] under [[Benjamin Disraeli]] and [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] initiated a period of [[Scramble for Africa|imperial expansion in Africa]], maintained a policy of [[splendid isolation]] in Europe, and attempted to contain Russian influence in [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], in what came to be known as the [[Great Game]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fromkin |first=David |date=1980 |title=The Great Game in Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=936–951 |doi=10.2307/20040512 |jstor=20040512 |issn=0015-7120 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412053528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512 |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] were granted self-governing [[dominion]] status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosch, William L. |title=World War I: People, Politics, and Power |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-61530-048-8 |series=America at War |location=New York |page=21}}</ref> At the turn of the century, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the [[German Empire]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zarembka |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1 |title=Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid |date=2013 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=978-1-78190-670-5 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Edwardian era]] saw [[Liberal welfare reforms|social reform]] and [[Irish Home Rule movement|home rule for Ireland]] become important domestic issues, while the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] emerged from an alliance of [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade unions]] and small socialist groups in 1900, and [[suffragettes]] campaigned for women's right to vote.<ref>Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref>

=== World wars and partition of Ireland ===
{{Main|History of the United Kingdom during the First World War|Partition of Ireland|Interwar Britain|United Kingdom home front during the Second World War|Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II}}
[[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Wreaths being laid during the [[Remembrance Sunday]] service at the [[The Cenotaph|Cenotaph]] in Whitehall, London]]

Britain was one of the principal [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] that defeated the [[Central Powers]] in the [[First World War]] (1914–1918). Alongside their French, Russian and (after 1917) American counterparts,<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove" /> The high fatalities of [[trench warfare]] caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order. Britain had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt.<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7231-5}}.</ref> The consequences of the war persuaded the government to expand the right to vote in national and local elections with the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove" /> After the war, Britain became a permanent member of the Executive Council of the [[League of Nations]] and received a [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] over a number of former German and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] colonies. Under the leadership of [[David Lloyd George]], the British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population.<ref>Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref>

By the mid-1920s, most of the British population could listen to [[BBC]] radio programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=Ofcom |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031332/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=bbc.com |last=Linfoot |first=Matthew |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920232207/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Experimental television broadcasts [[History of television#United Kingdom|began in 1929]] and the [[First day of BBC television|first scheduled BBC Television Service]] commenced in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the BBC: 1920s |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=bbc.com |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926064808/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s |url-status=live }}</ref> The rise of [[Irish nationalism]], and disputes within Ireland over the terms of [[Irish Home Rule]], led eventually to the [[Partition of Ireland|partition of the island]] in 1921.<ref>[[SR&O 1921]]/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> The [[Irish Free State]] became independent, initially with [[Dominion]] status in 1922, and [[Statute of Westminster 1931#Irish Free State|unambiguously independent in 1931]]. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921 |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |access-date=15 May 2006 |website=CAIN Web Service |archive-date=14 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1928 Equal Franchise Act]] gave women electoral equality with men in national elections. Strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the [[General Strike of 1926]], which ended in a victory for the government led by [[Stanley Baldwin]]. Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the First World War when the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] (1929–1932) led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas, as well as political and social unrest with rising membership in communist and socialist parties. A [[National Government (1931)|coalition government]] was formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-0-415-03719-8}}.</ref>
[[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|[[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] and [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during the [[Second World War]]]]

Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system."<ref name="Edgerton2012">{{Cite book|last=Edgerton|first=David|date=2012|title=Britain's War Machine|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html|access-date=10 May 2020|publisher=www.penguin.co.uk|language=en|postscript=none|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428080558/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html|url-status=live}}; {{Cite web |title=Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War |url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Reviews in History |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173058/https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114 |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Poland in 1939, Britain entered the [[Second World War]]. [[Winston Churchill]] became prime minister and head of a [[Churchill war ministry|coalition government]] in 1940. Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year, Britain and its Empire continued the war against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort.<ref name="Edgerton2012" />

In 1940, the [[Royal Air Force]] defeated the German [[Luftwaffe]] in the [[Battle of Britain]]. Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during [[the Blitz]]. The [[Grand Alliance (World War II)|Grand Alliance]] of Britain, the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] formed in 1941, leading the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] against the [[Axis powers]]. There were eventual hard-fought victories in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], the [[North Africa campaign]] and the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]. British forces played important roles in the [[Normandy landings]] of 1944 and the [[liberation of Europe]]. The British Army led the [[Burma campaign]] against Japan, and the [[British Pacific Fleet]] fought Japan at sea. British scientists [[British contribution to the Manhattan Project|contributed to the Manhattan Project]] whose task was to build an atomic weapon.<ref>{{cite book |author=Septimus H. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1 |title=Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952 |publisher=Ohio State U.P. |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8142-0852-6 |pages=1–5}}</ref> Once built, it was decided, with British consent, to use the weapon against Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington, July 4, 1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918063918/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d619 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=22 November 2017 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> The wartime net losses in British national wealth amounted to 18.6% (£4.595 billion) of the prewar wealth (£24.68 billion), at 1938 prices.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The United Kingdom: 'Victory at all costs'|first1=Stephen|last1=Broadberry|first2=Peter|last2=Howlett|title=The economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison|editor-last=Harrison|editor-first=Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1998|page=69|url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/13137/1/300%20.%20Mark_Harrison.pdf|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112071259/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/13137/1/300%20.%20Mark_Harrison.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Postwar 20th century ===
{{Main|Postwar Britain (1945–1979)|Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)}}
[[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|upright=1.5|left|The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921]]

The UK was one of the [[Big Three (World War II)|Big Three]] powers (along with the US and the Soviet Union) who met to plan the post-war world;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9416-7 |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141231/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Brian |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives |publisher=Indiana University of Pennsylvania |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022125442/https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |url-status=live }}</ref> it was an original signatory to the [[Declaration by United Nations]] and became one of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. It worked closely with the United States to establish the [[IMF]], [[World Bank]] and [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2010 |title=The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR |url=http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125021103/http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=Roosevelt Institute |quote=and the joint efforts of both powers to create a new post-war strategic and economic order through the drafting of the Atlantic Charter; the establishment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; and the creation of the United Nations. }}; {{Cite press release |title=Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference |date=22 April 2016 |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press |quote=That's what we built after World War II. The United States and the UK designed a set of institutions – whether it was the United Nations, or the Bretton Woods structure, IMF, World Bank, NATO, across the board. |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608110653/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press |url-status=live }}</ref> The war left the UK severely weakened and financially dependent on the [[Marshall Plan]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2006 |title=Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html |access-date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820022220/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but it was spared the total war that devastated eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=David |date=17 April 2011 |title=Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130213/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the immediate post-war years, the [[Labour Government 1945–1951|Labour government]] under [[Clement Attlee]] initiated a radical programme of reforms, which significantly impacted British society [[Post-war consensus|in the following decades]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=Martin |title=Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7190-4833-3 |pages=225–233}}</ref> Major industries and public utilities were [[Nationalization|nationalised]], a [[welfare state]] was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the [[National Health Service]], was created.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Stephen J. |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees |title=Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995 |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-13103-2 |location=London; New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees/page/n183 173]–199 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain's much-diminished economic position, so that a policy of [[decolonisation]] was unavoidable. Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larres |first=Klaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118 |title=A companion to Europe since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4051-0612-2 |location=Chichester |page=118 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the next three decades, most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence, and many became members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Country List |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506071236/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist |archive-date=6 May 2013 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref>

[[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|[[Concorde]] was a [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] airliner that reduced transatlantic flight time from 8 hours to 3.5 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage/celebrating-concorde|access-date=30 March 2023|title=Celebrating Concorde|archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317103939/https://www.britishairways.com/en-gb/information/about-ba/history-and-heritage/celebrating-concorde}}</ref>]]
The UK was the third country to develop [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|a nuclear weapons arsenal]] (with its first atomic bomb test, [[Operation Hurricane]], in 1952), but the post-war limits of Britain's international role were illustrated by the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956. The [[English-speaking world|international spread of the English language]] ensured the continuing international influence of its [[British literature|literature]] and [[Culture of the United Kingdom|culture]].<ref name="culture" /><ref name="sheridan" /> As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s, the government encouraged immigration from [[Commonwealth countries]]. In the following decades, the UK became a more multi-ethnic society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julios |first=Christina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84 |title=Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7158-9 |series=Studies in migration and diaspora |location=Aldershot |page=84 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141350/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France, [[West Germany]] and Japan.

In the decades-long process of [[European integration]], the UK was a founding member of the [[Western European Union]], established with the [[London and Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the [[European Communities]] (EC). In a [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|1975 referendum]] 67% voted to stay in it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm |access-date=8 March 2015 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620044520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> When the EC became the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states.

From the late 1960s, Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence (sometimes affecting other parts of the UK) conventionally known as [[the Troubles]]. It is usually considered to have ended with the 1998 [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aughey |first=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/n15 7] |url-access=limited}}; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |publisher=Henry Holt |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221]}}; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-065-2}}.</ref>
[[File:Greenwich and Canary Wharf (1) - 2022-04-24.jpg|thumb|[[Canary Wharf]], a symbol of [[Big Bang (financial markets)|the financial reforms]] initiated by [[Margaret Thatcher]] in the 1980s]]
Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government of the 1980s led by [[Margaret Thatcher]] initiated a radical policy of [[monetarism]], deregulation, particularly of the financial sector (for example, the [[Big Bang (financial markets)|Big Bang]] in 1986) and labour markets, the sale of state-owned companies (privatisation), and the withdrawal of subsidies to others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dorey |first=Peter |title=British politics since 1945 |publisher=Blackwell |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-631-19075-2 |series=Making contemporary Britain |location=Oxford |pages=164–223}}</ref>

In 1982, [[Argentina]] invaded the British territories of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] and the [[Falkland Islands]], leading to the 10-week [[Falklands War]] in which Argentine forces were defeated. The inhabitants of the islands are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty, expressed in a [[2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum|2013 referendum]]. From 1984, the UK economy was helped by the inflow of substantial [[North Sea oil]] revenues.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Griffiths, Alan |url=http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |title=Applied Economics |last2=Wall, Stuart |publisher=Financial Times Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-273-70822-3 |edition=11th |location=Harlow |page=6 |access-date=26 December 2010 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823124048/http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Gibraltar]] has also been a subject of contention regarding it's sovereignty, it was given to the UK from Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht 'for ever'.<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain}}</ref> It has been a [[Port of Gibraltar|key military base]] for the UK and a [[2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum|referendum in 2002]] for shared sovereignty with Spain was lost by 98.97%.

Around the end of the 20th century, there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of [[devolution|devolved]] administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> The [[Human Rights Act 1998|statutory incorporation]] followed acceptance of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The UK remained a [[List of modern great powers#United Kingdom|great power]] with global diplomatic and military influence and a leading role in the United Nations and [[NATO]].<ref name="David M. McCourt">{{Cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-472-07221-7 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141741/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
{{Main|Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)|Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)}}
[[File:Brexit Campaigners out side Parliament November 2016.jpg|thumb|left|Pro-[[Brexit]] campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016, after the [[Brexit referendum]]]]

The UK broadly supported the United States' approach to the "[[war on terror]]" in the early 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |date=5 July 2016 |title=The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704200931/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html |url-status=live }}</ref> British troops fought in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]], but controversy surrounded Britain's [[Iraq War|military deployment in Iraq]], which saw the [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|largest protest in British history]] demonstrating in opposition to the government led by [[Tony Blair]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=11 February 2023 |title='A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world? |work=The Observer |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052000/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2008 global financial crisis]] severely affected the UK economy.<ref name="Latest UK GDP data">{{cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices) |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929150429/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Cameron–Clegg coalition]] government of 2010 introduced [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity]] measures intended to tackle the substantial public deficits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2022 |title=What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224 |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728105646/https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224 |url-status=live }}</ref> Studies have suggested that policy led to significant social disruption and suffering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Patrick |date=4 October 2022 |title=Over 330,000 excess deaths in Great Britain linked to austerity, finds study |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/oct/05/over-330000-excess-deaths-in-great-britain-linked-to-austerity-finds-study |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728105650/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/oct/05/over-330000-excess-deaths-in-great-britain-linked-to-austerity-finds-study |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mueller |first=Benjamin |date=25 February 2019 |title=What Is Austerity and How Has It Affected British Society? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/europe/britain-austerity-may-budget.html |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170233/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/europe/britain-austerity-may-budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A referendum on [[Scottish independence]] in 2014 resulted in the Scottish electorate [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|voting by 55.3 to 44.7%]] to remain part of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish independence referendum – Results |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=BBC News |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918212409/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, 51.9 per cent of voters in the United Kingdom [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|voted to leave the European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2016 |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |access-date=24 June 2016 |first1=Griff |last1=Witte |first2=Karla |last2=Adam |first3=Dan |last3=Balz |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130215030/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Brexit|UK left the EU]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2021 |title=Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781 |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114212309/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 May 2021 the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]] came into force.<ref name="commission.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325155905/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]] had a severe [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|impact on the UK's economy]], caused major [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom|disruptions to education]] and had [[Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|far-reaching impacts on society and politics]] in 2020 and 2021.<ref name="GOVUK">{{cite web |url=https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK |website=[[gov.uk]] |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200414184317/https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020|access-date=2 August 2020|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802031859/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Walker|first=Andrew|date=10 June 2020|title=Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818031423/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to use an approved [[COVID-19 vaccine]], developing its own vaccine through a collaboration between [[Oxford University]] and [[AstraZeneca]], which allowed the UK's vaccine rollout to be among the fastest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225194320/https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/|archive-date=25 February 2023|website=NHS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225194442/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved |archive-date=25 February 2023|website=UK Government}}</ref>

On 8 September 2022, [[Elizabeth II]], the longest-living and [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]], [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|died]] at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173308/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Upon the Queen's death, her eldest child Charles, Prince of Wales, acceded to the [[British throne]] as [[Charles III]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=King Charles III, the new monarch |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59135132 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920002123/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59135132 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of the United Kingdom|Fauna of Great Britain|Flora of Great Britain and Ireland}}
[[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])]]
The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately {{Convert|244376|km2|sqmi|order=flip}},{{efn|name=ONSArea}}<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> with a land area of {{convert|242741|km2|sqmi|order=flip}}.<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> The country occupies the major part of the [[British Isles]]<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the southeast coast coming within {{Convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} of the coast of northern France, from which it is separated by the [[English Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |access-date=23 September 2008 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Greenwich Observatory]] in London was chosen as the defining point of the [[Prime Meridian]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2012 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich }}</ref> at the [[International Meridian Conference]] in 1884.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2015 |title=Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323081414/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The United Kingdom lies between latitudes [[49th parallel north|49°]] and [[61st parallel north|61° N]], and longitudes [[9th meridian west|9° W]] and [[2nd meridian east|2° E]]. Northern Ireland shares a {{Convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.<ref name="factbook" /> The coastline of Great Britain is {{Convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} long.<ref name="UK coastline">{{Cite web |last=Darkes |first=Giles |date=January 2008 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |access-date=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]]}}</ref> It is connected to continental Europe by the [[Channel Tunnel]], which at {{Convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{Convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Channel Tunnel |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archive-date=18 December 2010 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Eurotunnel}}</ref>

The UK contains four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Celtic broadleaf forests]], [[English Lowlands beech forests]], [[North Atlantic moist mixed forests]], and [[Caledon conifer forests]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |display-authors=1 |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |issn=0006-3568 |pmc=5451287 |pmid=28608869 |doi-access=free |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad}}</ref> The area of woodland in the UK in 2023 is estimated to be 3.25 million hectares, which represents 13% of the total land area in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/|title=Woodland Statistics, Key findings|access-date=8 July 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802030149/https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of the United Kingdom|Climate change in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:UK Köppen.svg|upright|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the UK]]
Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round.<ref name="factbook" /> The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below {{Convert|0|C|lk=on}} or rising above {{Convert|30|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hottest day of each year from 1900 |url=https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html |website=www.trevorharley.com |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616173152/https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Coldest day of each year from 1900 |url=https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html |website=www.trevorharley.com |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709173537/https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a [[subpolar oceanic climate]] (''Cfc''). Higher elevations in Scotland experience a [[Subarctic climate|continental subarctic climate]] (''Dfc'') and the mountains experience a [[tundra climate]] (''ET'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version) |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202702/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg |url-status=live }}</ref>

The prevailing wind is from the southwest and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook" /> although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind. Since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions, the eastern parts are the driest. Atlantic currents, warmed by the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters, especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground. Summers are warmest in the southeast of England and coolest in the north. Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |access-date=8 March 2015 |website=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours, which is just under 30% of the maximum possible.<ref name="ukaverages">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html |title=UK 1971–2000 averages |access-date=4 August 2007 |publisher=Met Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705140124/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 }}</ref> The hours of sunshine vary from 1200 to about 1580 hours per year, and since 1996 the UK has been and still is receiving above the 1981 to 2010 average hours of sunshine.<ref name="met off climate series">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series|title=UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series|website=Met Office|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017203556/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 EPI Results |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/epi |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Environmental Performance Index |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610151325/https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/epi |url-status=live }}</ref> A law has been passed that [[Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom|UK greenhouse gas emissions]] will be [[net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK net zero target |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050. |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Institute for Government| date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240320042051/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/uk-net-zero-target |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update after|2050|01|01|category|reason=Hello from 2024! By the time you're reading this, that law will be a little older than 30 years old. Could you check if the UK ever ended up hitting that net zero GHG target?}}

=== Topography ===
[[Geography of England|England]] accounts for 53 per cent of the UK, covering {{Convert|130395|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2010 |title=England – Profile |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |access-date=9 October 2010 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415064122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the country consists of lowland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia">{{Cite web |last=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |title=United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |access-date=26 October 2010 |website=Atlapedia.com |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191308/http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> with upland and mountainous terrain northwest of the [[Tees–Exe line]] which roughly divides the UK into lowland and upland areas. Lowland areas include [[Cornwall]], the [[New Forest]], the [[South Downs]] and the [[The Broads|Norfolk Broads]]. Upland areas include the [[Lake District]], the [[Pennines]], the [[Yorkshire Dales]], [[Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers and estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]], and the [[Humber]]. England's highest mountain is [[Scafell Pike]], at {{Convert|978|m|ft|0}} in the Lake District; its largest island is the [[Isle of Wight]].

{{Multiple image|direction = vertical|image1 = Keswick Panorama - Oct 2009.jpg|width1 = 225|caption1 = The [[Skiddaw|Skiddaw massif]], [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] and [[Derwent Water]] in the [[Lake District]]|alt1 =|image2 = Quiraing Isle of Skye Pano.jpg|width2 = 225|caption2 = [[Isle of Skye|Skye]] is one of the major islands in the [[Inner Hebrides]] and part of the [[Scottish Highlands]]. }}

[[Geography of Scotland|Scotland]] accounts for 32 per cent of the UK, covering {{Convert|78772|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland Facts |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 |access-date=16 July 2008 |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway}}</ref> This includes nearly 800 [[List of islands of Scotland|islands]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winter |first=Jon |date=1 June 2000 |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |access-date=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164423/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |url-status=live }}</ref> notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney]] Islands and [[Shetland]] Islands. Scotland is the most mountainous constituent country of the UK, the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] to the north and west are the more rugged region containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous land, including the [[Cairngorms]], [[Loch Lomond and The Trossachs]] and [[Ben Nevis]] which at {{Convert|1345|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller |access-date=9 September 2018 |publisher=Ordnance Survey |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000504/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is the highest point in the British Isles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ben Nevis Weather |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510193022/http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather}}</ref>

[[Geography of Wales|Wales]] accounts for less than 9 per cent of the UK, covering {{Convert|20779|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2010 |title=Profile: Wales |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826085704/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Wales is mostly mountainous, though [[South Wales]] is less mountainous than [[North Wales|North]] and [[mid Wales]]. The highest mountains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] and include [[Snowdon]] ({{Lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) which, at {{Convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the highest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia" /> Wales has over {{Convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off}} of coastline including the [[Pembrokeshire Coast]].<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest of which is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'').

[[Geography of Ireland|Northern Ireland]], separated from Great Britain by the [[Irish Sea]] and [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]], has an area of {{Convert|14160|km2|sqmi|order=flip|-1}} and is mostly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] which, at {{Convert|388|km2|sqmi|order=flip|0}}, is the largest lake in the British Isles by area,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |access-date=22 May 2006 |publisher=University of Ulster |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lough Erne]] which has over 150 islands and the [[Giant's Causeway]] which is a World Heritage Site. The highest peak in Northern Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Mountains]] at {{Convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia" />

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of the United Kingdom|Government of the United Kingdom|Monarchy of the United Kingdom}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
| alt1 = King Charles III
| caption1 = [[Charles III]], [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]] since 2022
| image2 = Official Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (cropped 3).jpg
| alt2 = Rishi Sunak
| caption2 = [[Rishi Sunak]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] since 2022
}}

The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] and a [[parliamentary democracy]] operating under the [[Westminster system]], otherwise known as a "democratic parliamentary monarchy".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |last2=Linz |first2=Juan J. |last3=Minoves |first3=Juli F. |date=2014 |title=Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0032 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=154555066}}</ref> It is a [[Centralized government|centralised]], [[unitary state]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewer |first=Andrew |date=5 May 2021 |title=The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703131907/https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy |url=https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Centre for Cities |language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141833/https://www.centreforcities.org/publication/centralisation-nation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> wherein the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|sovereign]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Sovereignty |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]] |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811195135/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Parliament is made up of the elected [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], the appointed [[House of Lords]] and [[the Crown]] (as personified by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch]]).{{Efn|British [[sovereignty]] derives from the Crown, a [[corporation sole]] occupied by the monarch. It is therefore by and through the monarch that Parliament exercises supreme legislative authority over both the executive and judiciary. Distinguished Professor of [[Public Law]] Maurice Sunkin opined the Crown symbolically occupies "…what in other places would be a core element of a written constitution."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins|title=Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins|author=Polly Botsford|publisher=International Bar Association|publication-date=22 September 2022|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506211218/https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of this state of constitutional affairs, the monarch is formally referred to as "[[Sovereign|the Sovereign]]" in legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10|title=Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730073659/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]]}}</ref> The main business of parliament takes place in the two houses,<ref name=":1" /> but [[royal assent]] is required for a bill to become an [[Act of Parliament (UK)|act of parliament]] (that is, [[statute law]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Assent |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]] |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716022947/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of parliamentary sovereignty, the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|British constitution]] is [[Uncodified constitution|uncodified]], consisting mostly of disparate written sources, including parliamentary [[statute]]s, judge-made [[case law]] and international treaties, together with [[British Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter, Sarah |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505115306/http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2006 |publisher=[[University of Kent]] at Canterbury}}</ref> Nevertheless, the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] recognises a number of principles underlying the British constitution, such as [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|parliamentary sovereignty]], the [[rule of law]], [[democracy]], and upholding [[Internationalism (politics)|international law]].<ref>See ''[[R (Miller) v Prime Minister]]'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''[[R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor]]'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104095357/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html|date=4 January 2023}}, [67] ff (rule of law), ''[[R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport]]'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''[[R v Lyons]]'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122064021/https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html|date=22 January 2023}}, [27] (international law).</ref>

[[Charles III|King Charles III]] is the current [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch]] and [[head of state]] of the UK and of 14 other independent countries. These 15 countries are today referred to as "[[Commonwealth realm]]s". The monarch is formally vested with all executive authority as the personal embodiment of the Crown and is "...fundamental to the law and working of government in the UK."<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united |title=The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom |author=Robert Blackburn |journal=Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart |series=Neue Folge |year=2022 |volume=70 |pages=181–201 |editor=O. Lepsius |editor2=A. Nußberger |editor3=C. Schönberger |editor4=C. Waldhoff |editor5=C. Walter |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |doi=10.1628/joer-2022-0009 |s2cid=257830288 |publication-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619174428/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united |url-status=live }}</ref> The disposition of such powers however, including those belonging to the [[Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom|royal prerogative]], is generally exercised only on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of [[ministers of the Crown]] responsible to Parliament and thence to the electorate. Nevertheless, in the performance of official duties, the monarch has "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> In addition, the monarch has a number of [[Reserve power#United Kingdom|reserve powers]] at his disposal, albeit rarely used, to uphold [[responsible government]] and prevent [[constitutional crisis|constitutional crises]].{{Efn|For instance, the monarch alone appoints the prime minister and confers [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|state honours]] in the personal gift of the Crown. When necessary, the monarch may also refuse a [[dissolution of Parliament|dissolution]] or [[Prorogation in the United Kingdom|prorogation of Parliament]], withhold [[royal assent]] to [[Act of Parliament (UK)|primary legislation]], and prevent illegal use of the [[British Armed Forces]], among other reserve powers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf|title=The Crown and the Constitution|author=David Torrance|publisher=House of Commons Library|publication-date=11 January 2023|access-date=19 June 2023|pages=22|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302033737/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Large sand-coloured building of Gothic design beside brown river and road bridge. The building has several large towers, including large clock tower.|The [[Palace of Westminster]] in London is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.]]

For [[General elections in the United Kingdom|general elections]] (elections to the House of Commons), the UK is currently divided into 650 [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]], each of which is represented by one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of Parliament]] (MP) elected by the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=General elections |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]]}}</ref> MPs hold office for up to five years and must then stand for re-election if they wish to continue to be an MP.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], colloquially known as the Tory Party or the Tories, and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] have been the dominant political parties in the UK since the 1920s, leading to the UK being described as a [[two-party system]]. However, since the 1920s other [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political parties]] have won seats in the House of Commons, although never more than the Conservatives or Labour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond |first=C |date=2016 |title=Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf |website=Queen's University Belfast |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172832/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=9 March 2015 |website=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]]}}</ref> Acting under the direction and supervision of a [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] of senior ministers selected and led by the prime minister, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] serves as the principal instrument for public policymaking, administers public services and, through the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]], promulgates [[statutory instrument (UK)|statutory instruments]] and tenders advice to the monarch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet|title=Cabinet|author=Tim Durrant|date=25 March 2020|publisher=Institute for Government|publication-date=25 March 2020|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/|title=Parliament and Government|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704112925/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C|title=The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative|author=Vernon Bogdanor|year=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-829334-7 |publication-date=1995|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
Nearly all prime ministers have served concurrently as [[First Lord of the Treasury]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blick |first1=Andrew |last2=Jones |first2=George |date=1 January 2012 |title=The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government |url=https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721060401/https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and all prime ministers have continuously served as First Lord of the Treasury since 1905,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jack |title=The Prime Ministers |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5293-1214-0 |editor-last=Dale |editor-first=Iain |page=303}}</ref> [[Minister for the Civil Service]] since 1968,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister for the Civil Service |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902233116/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Minister for the Union]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woodcock |first=Andrew |date=26 July 2021 |title=Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union' |work=[[The Independent|Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727080405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Minister for the Union |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719053618/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union |url-status=live }}</ref> While appointed by the monarch, in modern times the prime minister is, by [[Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom|convention]], an MP, the leader of the [[Political Parties of the United Kingdom|political party]] with the most seats in the House of Commons, and holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=The Cabinet Manual |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |page=7 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 2011 |title=The Cabinet Manual |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[gov.uk]] |page=21 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415090557/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Norton |first=Philip |title=Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-4545-1 |page=130}}</ref> The current Prime Minister, as of October 2022, is [[Rishi Sunak]] MP, leader of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Countries of the United Kingdom|Administrative geography of the United Kingdom|List of counties in the United Kingdom}}

The geographical division of the United Kingdom into [[Counties of the United Kingdom|counties]] or shires began in England and Scotland in the early Middle Ages, and was completed throughout Great Britain and Ireland by the early Modern Period.<ref>Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> Modern local government by elected councils, partly based on the ancient counties, was established by separate Acts of Parliament: in England and Wales in [[Local Government Act 1888|1888]], Scotland in [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889|1889]] and Ireland in [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898|1898]], meaning there is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |author-link=United Nations Economic and Social Council |date=August 2007 |title=Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211213055/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2009 |access-date=21 October 2008 |publisher=UN Statistics Division}}</ref>
Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barlow |first=I.M. |title=Metropolitan Government |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-415-02099-2 |location=London}}</ref>

[[Local government in England]] is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. The upper-tier [[subdivisions of England]] are the nine [[Regions of England|regions]], now used primarily for statistical purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606073647/http://www.gos.gov.uk/national |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Government Offices}}</ref> One of the regions, [[Greater London Authority|Greater London]], has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a [[1998 Greater London Authority referendum|1998 referendum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A short history of London government |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=4 October 2008 |publisher=Greater London Authority}}</ref>

[[Local government in Scotland]] is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]] with a wide variation in size and population. The cities of [[Glasgow]], Edinburgh, [[Aberdeen]] and [[Dundee]] are separate council areas, as is the [[Politics of the Highland council area|Highland Council]], which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000 people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007 |url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222124635/http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=2 August 2008 |publisher=Political Studies Association}}</ref>

[[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, which are unitary authorities in their own right.<ref name="unitary">{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Unitary authorities |url=http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310210146/http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Welsh Government}}</ref> Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.<ref name="unitary" />

[[Local government in Northern Ireland]] since 1973, has been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as waste collection, dog control, and maintaining parks and cemeteries.<ref name="Devenport">{{Cite news |last=Devenport |first=Mark |date=18 November 2005 |title=NI local government set for shake-up |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |access-date=15 November 2008 |archive-date=12 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212221731/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Foster announces the future shape of local government |date=13 March 2008 |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |access-date=20 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Devolved governments ===
{{Main|Devolution in the United Kingdom}}
{{Image frame|width=250|content=<div style="text-align: center;">{{Image label begin|image=United Kingdom countries.svg|link=|width=250|float=none}}
{{Image label small|x=0.625|y=1.2|scale=250|text =<big>{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]</big>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.375|y=0.7|scale=250|text=<big>{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland]]</big>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.4|y=1.3|scale=250|text= <big>{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales]]</big>}}
{{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.95|scale=250|text =<big>[[Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]</big>}}
{{Image label end}}</div>
|caption= The four [[countries of the United Kingdom]]}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]
! Total area
! [[Capital city|Capital]]
! [[List of legislatures by country|Parliament]]
! First Minister
|-
| {{flag|England}}
| 56,489,800 {{small|(2021)}}
| {{convert|130279|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=5}}
| [[London]]
| None
| None
|-
| {{flag|Scotland}}
| 5,436,600 {{small|(2022)}}
| {{convert|77933|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=6}}
| [[Edinburgh]]
| [[Scottish Parliament]]
| [[Humza Yousaf]]
|-
| {{flag|Wales}}
| 3,267,501 {{small|(2022)}}
| {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=6}}
| [[Cardiff]]
| [[Senedd]]
| [[Vaughan Gething]]
|-
| [[Northern Ireland]]
| 1,903,100 {{small|(2021)}}
| {{convert|14130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=6}}
| [[Belfast]]
| [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
| [[Michelle O'Neill]]
|}

==== Scotland ====
{{Main|Scottish Parliament|Scottish Government|Local government in Scotland}}

Since 1999, Scotland has had a devolved national [[Scottish Government|government]] and [[Scottish Parliament|legislature called the Scottish Parliament]]. The [[Scottish Government]] and [[Scottish Parliament|Parliament]] have wide-ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically [[Reserved and excepted matters|reserved]] to the UK Parliament, including [[education in Scotland|education]], [[NHS Scotland|healthcare]], [[Scots law]] and [[Local government in Scotland|local government]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1999 |title=Scotland's Parliament – powers and structures |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218234816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Their power over economic issues is significantly constrained by an [[United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020|act of the UK parliament]] passed in 2020.{{refn|name=UKIM|<ref name="Keating21">{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=2 February 2021 |title=Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom |journal=[[Journal of European Public Policy]] |location=Abingdon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=6–7 |doi=10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156 |quote=The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere. |hdl-access=free |hdl=1814/70296 |s2cid=234066376}}</ref><ref name="KenMcEw21">{{Cite journal |last1=Kenny |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Kenny (political scientist) |last2=McEwen |first2=Nicola |author-link2=Nicola McEwen |date=1 March 2021 |title=Intergovernmental Relations and the Crisis of the Union |journal=Political Insight |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1177/20419058211000996 |quote=That phase of joint working was significantly damaged by the UK Internal Market Act, pushed through by the Johnson government in December 2020...the Act diminishes the authority of the devolved institutions, and was vehemently opposed by them. |doi-access=free |s2cid=232050477}}</ref><ref name="WolffeDevol">{{Cite journal |last=Wolffe |first=W James |author-link=James Wolffe |date=7 April 2021 |title=Devolution and the Statute Book |url=https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886 |journal=[[Statute Law Review]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/slr/hmab003 |access-date=18 April 2021 |quote=the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent. |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145355/https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wincott21">{{Cite journal |last1=Wincott |first1=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Wincott |last2=Murray |first2=C. R. G. |last3=Davies |first3=Gregory |date=17 May 2021 |title=The Anglo-British imaginary and the rebuilding of the UK's territorial constitution after Brexit: unitary state or union state? |journal=Territory, Politics, Governance |location=Abingdon/Brighton |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]; [[Regional Studies Association]] |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=696–713 |doi=10.1080/21622671.2021.1921613 |quote=Taken as a whole, the Internal Market Act imposes greater restrictions upon the competences of the devolved institutions than the provisions of the EU Single Market which it replaced, in spite of pledges to use common frameworks to address these issues. [[David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead|Lord Hope]], responsible for many of the leading judgments relating to the first two decades of devolution, regarded the legislation's terms as deliberately confrontational: 'this Parliament can do what it likes, but a different approach is essential if the union is to hold together'. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="DouganMcEwen20">{{Cite report |url=https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union |title=UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union |last1=Dougan |first1=Michael |last2=Hayward |first2=Katy |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]; [[University of Aberdeen]] |pages=2–3 |last3=Hunt |first3=Jo |last4=McEwen |first4=Nicola |last5=McHarg |first5=Aileen |last6=Wincott |first6=Daniel |author-link=Michael Dougan |author-link2=Katy Hayward |access-date=16 October 2020 |author-link4=Nicola McEwen |author-link6=Daniel Wincott |department=Centre on Constitutional Change |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dougan20Brief">{{Cite report |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf |title=Briefing Paper. United Kingdom Internal Market Bill: Implications for Devolution |last=Dougan |first=Michael |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Liverpool]] |location=Liverpool |pages=4–5 |author-link=Michael Dougan |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161836/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/law/2-research/eull/UKIM,Briefing,Paper,-,Prof,Michael,Dougan,15,September,2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DouHu22>{{cite journal|last1=Dougan|first1=Michael|last2=Hunt|first2=Jo|last3=McEwen|first3=Nicola|last4=McHarg|first4=Aileen|author-link1=Michael Dougan|author-link3=Nicola McEwen|title=Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020|journal=[[Law Quarterly Review]]|date=2022|url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/|location=London|publisher=[[Sweet & Maxwell]]|ssrn=4018581|via=[[Durham University|Durham Research Online]]|access-date=4 March 2022|quote=The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...This was not the first time since the Brexit referendum that the Convention had been set aside, but it was especially notable given that the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.|issn=0023-933X|archive-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802185022/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The current [[Scottish Government]] is a [[Scottish National Party]] and [[Scottish Greens]] [[Coalition government|coalition]], led by [[First Minister of Scotland|First Minister]] [[Humza Yousaf]], leader of the Scottish National Party. In 2014, the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|Scottish independence referendum]] was held, with 55.3% voting against independence from the United Kingdom and 44.7% voting in favour, resulting in Scotland staying within the United Kingdom. [[Local government in Scotland]] is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]] with a wide variation in size and population. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223.<ref name="auto1"/>

==== Wales ====
{{Main|Senedd|Welsh Government|Local government in Wales}}

Since 1999, Wales has a devolved national [[Welsh Government|government]] and legislature, known as the [[Senedd]]. Elections to the Senedd use the [[additional member system]]. They have more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 1999 |title=Structure and powers of the Assembly |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=7 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207162926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Senedd is able to legislate on any matter not specifically reserved to the UK Parliament through [[Acts of Senedd Cymru]]. The current [[Welsh Government]] is [[Welsh Labour|Labour]], led by [[First Minister of Wales|First Minister]] [[Vaughan Gething]], who has been the First Minister since 2024. [[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities, each led by a leader and cabinet elected by the council itself.

==== Northern Ireland ====
{{Main|Northern Ireland Assembly|Northern Ireland Executive|Local government in Northern Ireland|The Troubles}}
Since 1998, Northern Ireland has a devolved government, the [[Northern Ireland Executive|Executive]], and legislature, the [[Northern Ireland Assembly|Assembly]]. Elections to the Assembly use the [[single transferable vote]] system. The Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland. The Executive is led by a [[diarchy]] representing [[Designated Unionist|unionist]] and [[Designated Nationalist|nationalist]] members of the Assembly.<ref name="northernireland1">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Your Executive |url=https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821135048/https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ireland|Island of Ireland]] has a turbulent and violent modern political history, a period referred to as [[the Troubles]]. The 1998 [[Good Friday Agreement]] acts as a ''de facto'' [[constitution]] for Northern Ireland. [[Local government in Northern Ireland]] since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities.<ref name="Devenport" /> The [[First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland]] are the joint heads of government of Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles? |work=BBC News |date=15 May 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736 | access-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202190001/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736 |archive-date=2 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code |date=28 September 2015 |url=https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code | access-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202191115/https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code |archive-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

==== Constitutional arrangement ====
The UK does not have a [[codified constitution]] and constitutional matters are not among the powers devolved to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Under the doctrine of [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|parliamentary sovereignty]], the UK Parliament could, in theory, therefore, abolish the Scottish Parliament, Senedd or Northern Ireland Assembly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrows |first=N. |year=1999 |title=Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998 |journal=The Modern Law Review |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 [p. 249] |doi=10.1111/1468-2230.00203 |quote=The UK Parliament is sovereign and the Scottish Parliament is subordinate. The White Paper had indicated that this was to be the approach taken in the legislation. The Scottish Parliament is not to be seen as a reflection of the settled will of the people of Scotland or of popular sovereignty but as a reflection of its subordination to a higher legal authority. Following the logic of this argument, the power of the Scottish Parliament to legislate can be withdrawn or overridden...}}; {{Cite journal |last=Elliot |first=M. |year=2004 |title=United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=545–627, 553–554 |doi=10.1093/icon/2.3.545 |quote=Notwithstanding substantial differences among the schemes, an important common factor is that the UK Parliament has not renounced legislative sovereignty in relation to the three nations concerned. For example, the Scottish Parliament is empowered to enact primary legislation on all matters, save those in relation to which competence is explicitly denied ... but this power to legislate on what may be termed "devolved matters" is concurrent with the Westminster Parliament's general power to legislate for Scotland on any matter at all, including devolved matters ... In theory, therefore, Westminster may legislate on Scottish devolved matters whenever it chooses... |doi-access=free}}</ref> In practice, it would be politically difficult for the UK Parliament to abolish devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Senedd, because these institutions were created by referendum decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gamble |first=A. |year=2006 |title=The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom |journal=Publius |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 [p. 29] |doi=10.1093/publius/pjj011 |quote=The British parliament has the power to abolish the Scottish parliament and the Welsh assembly by a simple majority vote in both houses, but since both were sanctioned by referenda, it would be politically difficult to abolish them without the sanction of a further vote by the people. In this way, several of the constitutional measures introduced by the Blair government appear to be entrenched and not subject to a simple exercise of parliamentary sovereignty at Westminster.}}</ref> The political constraints placed upon the UK Parliament's power to interfere with devolution in Northern Ireland are greater still, because devolution in Northern Ireland rests upon an international agreement with the [[Government of Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meehan |first=E. |year=1999 |title=The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme |journal=Parliamentary Affairs |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=19–31 [p. 23] |doi=10.1093/pa/52.1.19 |quote=[T]he distinctive involvement of two governments in the Northern Irish problem means that Northern Ireland's new arrangements rest upon an intergovernmental agreement. If this can be equated with a treaty, it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states...Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster's 'powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland' remains 'unaffected', without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters, it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated. The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement.|doi-access=free }}</ref> The UK Parliament restricts the three devolved parliaments' legislative competence in economic areas through an act passed in 2020.<ref name=UKIM />

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|Foreign policy of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:President Biden greets Prime Minister Sunak of the UK at the sidelines of the 2022 G-20 Bali Summit.jpg|thumb|UK Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] greets US President [[Joe Biden]] at the 2022 G-20 Bali Summit.]]
The UK is a [[Big Five (United Nations)|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]], a member of [[NATO]], [[AUKUS]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[G7 finance ministers]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Theresa |author-link=Theresa May |date=29 March 2017 |title=Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50 |website= |via=Gov.uk |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605184239/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK has the [[British Council]] which is a British organisation based in over 100 countries specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. The UK is said to have a "[[Special Relationship]]" with the United States and a close partnership with France – the "[[Entente cordiale]]" – and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaine |first=Jon |date=13 January 2009 |title=Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |publication-place=[[London]] |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704192159/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kirchner |first1=Emil Joseph |title=Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century |last2=Sperling |first2=James |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-39162-7 |edition=illustrated |location=London |page=100 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] is considered to be the oldest binding military alliance in the world. The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland; the two countries share a [[Common Travel Area]] and co-operate through the [[British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference]] and the [[British-Irish Council]]. Britain's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations, foreign investments, [[official development assistance]] and military engagements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=19 February 2009 |title=DFID's expenditure on development assistance |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222226/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> Canada, Australia and New Zealand, all of which are former colonies of the British Empire which share King Charles as their head of state, are the most favourably viewed countries in the world by [[British people]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Sharp Drop in World Views of US, UK: Global Poll – GlobeScan |url=https://globescan.com/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103213529/https://globescan.com/sharp-drop-in-world-views-of-us-uk-global-poll/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=From the Outside In: G20 views of the UK before and after the EU referendum' |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/from_the_outside_in.pdf |publisher=British Council |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109225947/https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/from_the_outside_in.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=New Zealand is Britons' favourite country |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/articles-reports/2020/10/26/new-zealand-britons-favourite-country |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205213020/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/articles-reports/2020/10/26/new-zealand-britons-favourite-country |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dependencies ===
{{Main|British Overseas Territories|Crown Dependencies|British Islands|List_of_current_heads_of_government_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_dependencies#Crown_dependencies|l4=List of leaders of British dependencies}}

The United Kingdom, the 14 British Overseas Territories<ref name="overseasterritories">{{Cite web |title=The UK Overseas Territories and their Governors |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9583/ |access-date=6 May 2023 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506173056/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9583/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the three Crown Dependencies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Background briefing on the Crown Dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104306/http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/about/moj/our-responsibilities/Background_Briefing_on_the_Crown_Dependencies2.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Justice}}</ref> form 'one undivided Realm'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bosque |first=Maria Mut |date=2022 |title=Questioning the current status of the British Crown Dependencies |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94160 |journal=Small States & Territories |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |via=University of Malta |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109213851/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/94160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite report |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9635/ |title=The separation of powers in the UK's Overseas Territories |last=Loft |first=Philip |date=1 November 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109213857/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9635/ |url-status=live }}</ref> All parts of the realm are under the sovereignty of the [[The Crown|British Crown]], but the Territories and Dependencies are not part of the UK. This is distinct from the status of [[Commonwealth realm]]s, who have separate monarchies, but share the same monarch.<ref name=":4" />

{{UK territories image map}}

The 14 British Overseas Territories are remnants of the British Empire: [[Anguilla]]; [[Bermuda]]; the [[British Antarctic Territory]]; the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]; the [[British Virgin Islands]]; the [[Cayman Islands]]; the [[Falkland Islands]]; [[Gibraltar]]; [[Montserrat]]; [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]; the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]; the [[Pitcairn Islands]]; [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]; and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] on the island of [[Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Overseas Territories |work=Gov.uk |publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1013618138295 |access-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080205135910/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1013618138295 |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> British claims in Antarctica have limited international recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica |access-date=26 December 2010 |publisher=CIA |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184334/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Collectively Britain's overseas territories encompass an approximate land area of {{Convert|480000|sqnmi|sqmi km2}},<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-territories |title=Overseas Territories The Ministry of Defence's Contribution |date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |page=1 |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605052007/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-territories |url-status=live }}</ref> with a total population of approximately 250,000.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/1464/1464.pdf |title=Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship |date=13 February 2019 |publisher=House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee |page=5 |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627185942/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/1464/1464.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2020 }}</ref> The overseas territories also give the UK the world's fifth-largest [[Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom|exclusive economic zone]] at {{Cvt|6,805,586|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2020 |title=Written evidence submitted by The UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/16752/pdf/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=committees.parliament.uk |format=PDF |quote=By including the territories, the United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is the fifth largest in the world, at 6,805,586 km2. |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430163825/https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/16752/pdf/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Crown Dependencies are possessions of [[the Crown]], as opposed to territories of the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |title=House of Commons – Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5604.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625201135/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5604.htm |archive-date=25 June 2012 |access-date=7 November 2010 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> They comprise three independently administered jurisdictions: the Bailiwicks of [[Jersey]] and of [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]] in the English Channel, and the [[Isle of Man]] in the Irish Sea. By mutual agreement, the British Government manages the islands' foreign affairs and defence and the UK Parliament has the authority to legislate on their behalf. Internationally, they are regarded as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible".<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273891/crown-dependencies.pdf Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies – gov.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113335/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273891/crown-dependencies.pdf |date=26 August 2014 }}, Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</ref> The power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with their own respective legislative assemblies, with the assent of the Crown ([[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] or, in the case of the Isle of Man, in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jersey |url=http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International+Relations/Profile+of+Jersey.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902092534/http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International%2BRelations/Profile%2Bof%2BJersey.htm |archive-date=2 September 2006 |access-date=31 July 2008 |publisher=[[States of Jersey]] |quote=The legislature passes primary legislation, which requires approval by The Queen in Council, and enacts subordinate legislation in many areas without any requirement for Royal Sanction and under powers conferred by primary legislation.}}</ref> Since 2005, each Crown dependency has had a [[List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies#Crown Dependencies|Chief Minister]] as its [[head of government]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Chief Minister to meet Channel Islands counterparts – Isle of Man Public Services |date=29 May 2012 |publisher=Isle of Man Government |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/news/cso/chiefministertom.xml |access-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430195235/http://www.gov.im/lib/news/cso/chiefministertom.xml |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

On 15 May 2023, the [[Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories|sixteen heraldic shields]] of the British Overseas Territories and [[List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man|the three coat of arms]] of the Crown Dependencies were "immortalised" in two new [[stained glass windows]], unveiled in the [[Speaker's House]] at the [[New Palace of Westminster]]. [[House of Commons Speaker]], [[Sir Lindsay Hoyle]] said, "The two windows represent part of our United Kingdom family."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-65574775|title=Channel Islands represented in Speaker's House|work=BBC News|date=15 May 2023|access-date=10 February 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226222819/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-65574775|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Law and criminal justice ===

{{Main|Law of the United Kingdom|Censorship in the United Kingdom|Crime in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] is the final court of appeal for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and civil cases in Scotland.]]
The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the [[Treaty of Union|1706 Treaty of Union]] provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2008 |publisher=Scottish History Online}}</ref> Today the UK has three distinct [[Legal systems of the world|systems of law]]: [[English law]], [[Courts of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland law]] and [[Scots law]]. A new [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] came into being in October 2009 to replace the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords|Appellate Committee of the House of Lords]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2009 |title=UK Supreme Court judges sworn in |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm |access-date=6 October 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207160453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |date=July 2003 |title=Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090117132005/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2009 |access-date=13 May 2013 |publisher=Department for Constitutional Affairs }}</ref> The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], including the same members as the Supreme Court, is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the [[British Overseas Territories]] and the [[Crown Dependencies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of the JCPC |url=http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |archive-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114165910/http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and [[Northern Ireland law]] are based on [[Common law|common-law]] principles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bainham |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298 |title=The international survey of family law: 1996 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-411-0573-8 |location=The Hague |page=298 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328141743/https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[courts of England and Wales]] are headed by the [[Senior Courts of England and Wales]], consisting of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|Court of Appeal]], the [[High Court of Justice]] (for civil cases) and the [[Crown Court]] (for criminal cases).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Australian courts and comparative law |url=http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414202207/http://alpn.edu.au/node/66 |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Australian Law Postgraduate Network}}</ref> Scots law is a hybrid system based on common-law and [[Civil law (legal system)|civil-law]] principles. The chief courts are the [[Court of Session]], for civil cases,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court of Session – Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731094308/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp |archive-date=31 July 2008 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Scottish Courts}}</ref> and the [[High Court of Justiciary]], for criminal cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Justiciary – Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912204821/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Scottish Courts}}</ref> The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Lords – Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206120915/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref>

Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995, though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66 per cent in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |title=Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |website=UK Government Web Archive |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221317/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> according to [[Crime statistics in the United Kingdom|crime statistics]]. As of June 2023, the United Kingdom has the highest per-capita incarceration rate in Western Europe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sturge |first1=Georgina |title=UK Prison Population Statistics |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224031328/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total |url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total |archive-date=18 November 2023 |website=World Prison Brief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Prison Brief data |url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106135950/https://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data |archive-date=6 November 2023 |website=World Prison Brief}}</ref>

[[United Kingdom labour law|UK labour laws]] entitle staff to have a minimum set of employment rights including a [[National Minimum Wage Act 1998|minimum wage]], a minimum of 28 days annual holiday, statutory sick pay and a [[Pensions Act 2008|pension]]. [[Same-sex marriage]] has been legal in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014, and in [[Northern Ireland]] since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wratten |first1=Marcus |title=Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/ |website=PinkNews |date=3 July 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902195143/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|LGBT equality]] in the United Kingdom is considered advanced by modern standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023 |url=https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Asher & Lyric |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910063408/https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=R. Flores |first1=Andrew |title=Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/ |website=Williams Institute |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913091254/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|British Armed Forces|Military history of the United Kingdom}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales meet at sea for the first time.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[HMS Queen Elizabeth]] and [[HMS Prince of Wales]]
| image2 = Royal Navy Destroyer HMS Defender (D36).jpg
| caption2 = Royal Navy Destroyer [[HMS Defender]]
| image3 = Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 MOD 45160575.jpg
| caption3 = Royal Air Force [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] Jet
| total_width = 300
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| image4 = FV4034 Challenger 2 – TankFest 2017 (31403624768).jpg
| caption4 = British Army [[Challenger 2]] Main Battle Tank
}}

''[[British Armed Forces|His Majesty's Armed Forces]]'' consist of three professional service branches: the [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Marines]] (forming the [[Naval Service (United Kingdom)|Naval Service]]), the [[British Army]] and the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home |access-date=21 February 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |archive-date=19 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219194140/http://mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The armed forces of the United Kingdom are managed by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] and controlled by the [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]], chaired by the [[Secretary of State for Defence]]. The [[Commander-in-Chief]] is the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]], to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=UK Parliament |archive-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221305/http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories, promoting the UK's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in [[NATO]], including the [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]], the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]], [[RIMPAC]] and other worldwide coalition operations. [[Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom|Overseas garrisons]] and facilities are maintained in [[RAF Ascension Island|Ascension Island]], [[Mina Salman|Bahrain]], [[Military of Belize|Belize]], [[Military Forces based in Brunei|Brunei]], [[British Army Training Unit Suffield|Canada]], [[British Forces Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Diego Garcia]], the [[Military of the Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]], [[British Forces Germany|Germany]], [[British Forces Gibraltar|Gibraltar]], [[British Army Training Unit Kenya|Kenya]], [[Oman]], [[Al Udeid Air Base|Qatar]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309114107/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=%2Fpa%2Fcm200405%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo050221%2Ftext%2F50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0 |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=23 October 2008 |publisher=UK Parliament}}; {{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214025754/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>

According to sources which include the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] and the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], the UK has either the fourth- or the fifth-highest [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]]. Total defence spending amounts to 2.0 per cent of national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |access-date=26 April 2017 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011084300/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the end of the [[Cold War]], defence policy has a stated assumption that "the most demanding operations" will be undertaken as part of a coalition.<ref>''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref>

== Economy ==

{{Main|Economy of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:London Skyline (125508655).jpeg|thumb|[[London]] is the largest [[urban economy]] in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=16 March 2017 |title=The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Bloomberg |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308074221/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations |url-status=live }}</ref> and, alongside [[New York City|New York]], the city in the world most integrated with the [[World economy|global economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |website=GaWC |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |date=21 August 2020 |access-date=3 June 2023 |publisher=Loughborough University |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The UK has a partially regulated [[market economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |access-date=1 May 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517134052/http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |archive-date= 17 May 2011 }}</ref> Based on market [[exchange rate]]s, the UK is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|sixth-largest economy]] in the world and the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|second-largest]] in Europe by nominal GDP.
[[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.]]

The United Kingdom uses the [[pound sterling]], the fourth most-traded currency in the [[foreign exchange market]] and the world's fourth-largest [[reserve currency]] (after the [[United States dollar]], [[euro]], and [[yen]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |access-date=10 October 2021 |website=IMF Data |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512202858/https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sterling was the 2nd best-performing G10 currency against the dollar in 2023 with a gain of about 5%, with only the [[Swiss franc]] performing better.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling steady but set for 5% rally in 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/sterling-steady-set-5-rally-2023-2023-12-27/|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikkei Asia - Currency |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Yen-is-worst-performing-G10-currency-for-3rd-straight-year |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142941/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Yen-is-worst-performing-G10-currency-for-3rd-straight-year |url-status=live }}</ref> [[London]] is the world capital for foreign exchange trading, with a global market share of 38.1% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2022 – UK Data |url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2022/october/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Bank of England |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221135740/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2022/october/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets |url-status=live }}</ref> of the daily $7.5 trillion global turnover.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global FX trading hits record $7.5 trln a day – BIS survey |date=27 October 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/global-fx-trading-hits-record-75-trln-day-bis-survey-2022-10-27/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=Reuters |last1=Jones |first1=Marc |last2=John |first2=Alun |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221135739/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/global-fx-trading-hits-record-75-trln-day-bis-survey-2022-10-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[HM Treasury]], led by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], is responsible for developing and executing the government's [[public finance]] policy and [[economic policy]]. The [[Bank of England]] is the UK's [[central bank]] and is responsible for issuing notes and coins in the pound sterling. Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes, subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover their issue. The estimated nominal GDP of the UK for 2024 is £2.765 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=United Kingdom: 2023 Article IV Consultation-Press Release |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/07/10/United-Kingdom-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-535878 |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=IMF |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/07/10/United-Kingdom-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-535878 |url-status=live }}</ref> This value is 23% higher than the 2019 figure of £2.255 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1GBREA2022001.ashx |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=IMF |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1GBREA2022001.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> before leaving the EU (at similar US and EU exchange rates to 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling Exchange Rates |url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/database/Rates.asp |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Bank of England |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143322/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/database/Rates.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>).{{Efn|Real GDP is an inflation adjusted GDP which is needed if you need to study changes in volume rather than value especially if the currency devalues due to the inflation but does not show current market values.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real GDP growth |url=https://obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/the-economy-forecast/real-gdp-growth/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=OBR |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143323/https://obr.uk/forecasts-in-depth/the-economy-forecast/real-gdp-growth/ |url-status=live }};{{Cite web |title=Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP): How to Calculate It, vs. Nominal |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realgdp.asp |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Investopedia |archive-date=5 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205021005/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realgdp.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] made up around 80% of the UK's [[Gross value added|GVA]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Georgina |date=6 December 2022 |title=Industries in the UK |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=UK Parliament: House of Commons Library |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007134640/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, the UK is the world's [[List of countries by service exports|second-largest exporter of services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> London is one of the world's largest financial centres, ranking second in the world in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]] in 2022. London also has the [[List of cities by GDP|largest city GDP]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428032945/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archive-date=28 April 2011 |access-date=16 November 2010 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers}}</ref> Edinburgh ranks 17th in the world, and sixth in Western Europe in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2020.<ref name="GFCI 27 Rank – Long Finance">{{Cite web |title=GFCI 27 Rank |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=Long Finance |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815191828/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tourism in the United Kingdom|Tourism]] is very important to the British economy; London was named as Europe's most popular destination for 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-best-europe-city-tripadvisor-2022-b1996028.html |title=London named Europe's most popular destination for 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=19 January 2022 |first1=Helen |last1=Coffey |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142939/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-best-europe-city-tripadvisor-2022-b1996028.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/ |title=King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy |website=[[fortune.com]] |date=25 April 2023 |first1=Kelvin |last1=Chan |agency=The Associated Press |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502144950/https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/ }}</ref> The [[creative industries]] accounted for 5.9% of the UK's GVA in 2019, having grown by 43.6% in real terms from 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131001226/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added |url-status=live }}</ref> Creative industries contributed more than £111bn to the UK economy in 2018, growth in the sector is more than five times larger than growth across the UK economy as a whole as reported in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221131518/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lloyd's of London]] is the world's largest [[insurance]] and [[reinsurance]] market and is located in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lloyd's of London – value proposition |url=https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100951/https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder |archive-date=27 February 2023|website=Lloyd's of London}}</ref> [[WPP plc]], the world's biggest advertising company, is also based in the UK. The UK is one of the leading retail markets in Europe and is home to Europe's largest e-commerce market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/|access-date=18 January 2024|title=Retail|publisher=great.gov.uk|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118084416/https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Lewis Partnership|John Lewis]] is the UK's largest employee owned business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/|access-date=18 January 2024|title=Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155249/https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:2019 Aston Martin DBS Superleggera Volante 5.2.jpg|thumb|[[Aston Martin]] manufacture vehicles in [[Gaydon]], England.]]
The [[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|automotive industry]] employs around 800,000 people, with a turnover in 2022 of £67 billion, generating £27 billion of exports (10% of the UK's total export of goods).<ref name="Auto Output 2022"/> In 2023, the UK produced around 905,100 passenger vehicles and 120,400 commercial vehicles, output was up 17.0% on the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web | date=24 January 2024 | title=December 2023 UK Car Manufacturing | url=https://media.smmt.co.uk/december-2023-uk-car-manufacturing/ | access-date=16 March 2024 | website=SMMT | archive-date=16 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184018/https://media.smmt.co.uk/december-2023-uk-car-manufacturing/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Britain is known for iconic cars such as [[Mini Hatch|Mini]] and [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]],<ref>{{Cite web | date=19 November 2020 | title=Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2 | url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 | access-date=9 March 2024 | website=Auto Express | archive-date=16 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184015/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2 | url-status=live }}</ref> also other luxury cars such as [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]], [[Bentley]] and [[Range Rover]]. The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing: in 2022 around 1.5 million engines were produced.<ref name="Auto Output 2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/uk-automotive/ |title=UK Automotive |author= |date= |website= |publisher=The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders |access-date=14 November 2023 |quote= |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113163440/https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/uk-automotive/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the world's [[List of countries by engine exports|fourth-largest exporter of engines]], as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Combustion Engines |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014526/https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK [[auto racing|motorsport]] industry employs more than 40,000 people, comprises around 4,300 companies and has an annual turnover of around £10 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary |access-date=19 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219100712/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref> 7 of the 10 Formula One teams are based in the UK, with their technology being used in supercars and hypercars from [[McLaren Automotive|McLaren]], [[Aston Martin]] and [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]].

The [[Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom|aerospace industry of the UK]] is the second-largest national aerospace industry in the world depending upon the method of measurement and has an annual turnover of around £30 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tovey |first=Alan |date=29 June 2016 |title=Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The [[British space programme|UK space industry]] was worth £17.5bn in 2020/21 and employed 48,800 people. Since 2012, the number of space organisations has grown on average nearly 21% per year, with 1,293 organisations reported in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Size & Health of the UK Space Industry 2022 Summary Report |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022/size-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022 |access-date=1 April 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331072353/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022/size-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Size and Health of the UK Space Industry 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021/size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021 |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221103315/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021/size-and-health-of-the-uk-space-industry-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[UK Space Agency]] has stated in 2023 that it is investing £1.6 billion in space related projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power |title=New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311195622/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power }} </ref>

The [[Agriculture in the United Kingdom|agriculture industry]] is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing about 60 per cent of food needs with less than 1.6 per cent of the labour force (535,000 workers).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture in the United Kingdom |url=http://archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/foodfarm/general/auk/documents/AUK-2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105174314/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/foodfarm/general/auk/documents/AUK-2009.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs}}</ref> Around two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops. The UK retains a significant, though much reduced fishing industry. It is also rich in a variety of natural resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica and an abundance of arable land.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html |title=Coal |website=BGS Minerals UK |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426141109/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The United Kingdom has among the highest levels of [[Income inequality in the United Kingdom|income inequality]] in [[Europe]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK. |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/ |website=UK Parliament |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210104536/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[OECD]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data |url=http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629183322/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=theOECD |language=en}}</ref> and is one of the most [[North–South divide in the United Kingdom|regionally unequal]] high-income countries in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=How to tackle the UK's regional economic inequality: Focus on STEM, transport, and innovation |url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/how-tackle-uks-regional-economic-inequality-focus-stem-transport-and-innovation |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=CEPR |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701223150/https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/how-tackle-uks-regional-economic-inequality-focus-stem-transport-and-innovation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Britain is more geographically unequal than any other rich country |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/07/30/why-britain-is-more-geographically-unequal-than-any-other-rich-country |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701223149/https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/07/30/why-britain-is-more-geographically-unequal-than-any-other-rich-country |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in the United Kingdom|Telecommunications in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|[[Silicon Fen|Cambridge]] is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203061259/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305010458/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121259/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=RTD – Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=ec.europa.eu |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
England and Scotland were leading centres of the [[Scientific Revolution]] from the 17th century.<ref>Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. {{ISBN|978-0-521-34804-1}}.</ref> The United Kingdom led the [[Industrial Revolution]] from the 18th century, and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances.<ref>Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336. {{OCLC|474197910}}</ref> Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include [[Isaac Newton]], whose [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]] and illumination of [[gravitation|gravity]] have been seen as a keystone of modern science;<ref>Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 |date=26 March 2023 }}. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. {{ISBN|978-0-486-42551-1}}.</ref> from the 19th century [[Charles Darwin]], whose theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] was fundamental to the development of modern biology, and [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who formulated classical [[electromagnetic theory]]; and more recently [[Stephen Hawking]], who advanced major theories in the fields of [[cosmology]], [[quantum gravity]] and the investigation of [[black holes]].<ref>Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC |date=26 March 2023 }}. London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. {{ISBN|978-0-237-53195-9}}.</ref>

The [[Department for Science, Innovation and Technology]] (DSIT) is responsible for helping to encourage, develop and manage the UK's scientific, research, and technological outputs. Scientific research and development remains important in [[Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]], with many establishing [[science park]]s to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.<ref>Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. {{ISBN|978-0-415-10015-1}}.</ref> In 2022 the UK retained its number one spot for technology in Europe reaching a combined market value of $1 trillion. Cambridge was named the number one university in the world for producing successful technology founders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe |url=https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=BrainStation |language=en-US |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007093133/https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |url-status=live }}</ref>

For four consecutive years, from 2020 to 2023, the UK maintained its fourth-place ranking in the [[Global Innovation Index]], a position determined by approximately 80 indicators encompassing the political environment, education, infrastructure, and knowledge creation, among others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> During 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (for both). The UK ranked 1st in the world for Field-Weighted Citation Impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International comparison of the UK research base, 2022 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305235208/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}} (last checked 11 March 2023)</ref> Scientific journals produced in the UK include publications by the ''[[Royal Society]]'', ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' and ''[[The Lancet]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCook, Alison |year=2006 |title=Is peer review broken? |url=http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |journal=The Scientist |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816230933/http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm |archive-date=16 August 2011 |access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|A high-speed [[East Coast Main Line]] train in [[Northumberland]]]]
A radial road network totals {{Convert|29145|mi|km}} of main roads, {{Convert|2173|mi|km}} of motorways and {{Convert|213750|mi|km}} of paved roads.<ref name="factbook" /> The [[M25 motorway|M25]], encircling London, is the largest and busiest bypass in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moran |first=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora |title=Reading the Everyday |date=16 November 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-37216-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora/page/n107 95] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 2022, there were a total of 40.8 million licensed vehicles in Great Britain.<ref name="Transport stats 2022">{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Freddie |title=RAC foundation traffic stats |url=https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20there,the%20end%20of%20September%202022. |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224202503/https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20there,the%20end%20of%20September%202022. |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UK has an extensive railway network of {{Convert|10072|mi|0|abbr=out}}. In Great Britain, the [[British Rail]] network was [[privatisation of British Rail|privatised]] between 1994 and 1997, followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sylvain Duranton |last2=Agnès Audier |last3=Joël Hazan |last4=Mads Peter Langhorn |last5=Vincent Gauche |date=18 April 2017 |title=The 2017 European Railway Performance Index |url=https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx |publisher=Boston Consulting Group |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531104458/https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> [[High Speed 2]] (HS2) is a new high speed railway under construction linking up London, the Midlands, the North and Scotland, serving over 25 stations, including eight of Britain's 10 largest cities and connecting around 30 million people, capable of speeds of up to 225 mph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is HS2 |url=https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2 |website=HS2 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190841/https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HS2 Trains |url=https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/ |website=HS2 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224183953/https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Crossrail]], which was renamed the [[Elizabeth line]] in 2016, in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, opened in 2022. It was Europe's largest construction project at the time and will bring in an estimated £42 billion to the UK economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410034914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news |last=Leftly |first=Mark |date=29 August 2010 |title=Crossrail delayed to save £1bn |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116062835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225110413/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen|archive-date=25 February 2023|website=Transport for London}}</ref>

[[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Airports of London|London]] has the [[List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|busiest city airport system]] in the world.]]

[[Great British Railways]] is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee [[rail transport in Great Britain]]. In 2014, there were 5.2 billion bus journeys in the UK, 2.4 billion of which were in London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus statistics |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/bus-statistics |website=GOV.UK|date=26 April 2023 }}</ref> The red [[Double-decker bus|double-decker]] bus has entered popular culture as an internationally recognised icon of England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Collection |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |publisher=icons.org.uk}}</ref> The [[London Buses|London bus network]] is extensive, with over 6,800 scheduled services every weekday carrying about six million passengers on over 700 different routes making it one of the most extensive bus systems in the world and the largest in Europe.<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref>

In the year from October 2009 to September 2010, [[List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies|UK airports]] handled a total of 211.4 million passengers.<ref name="caastats">{{Cite web |title=Size of Reporting Airports October 2009 – September 2010 |url=http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/201009/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/201009/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority}}</ref> In that period the three largest airports were [[London Heathrow Airport]] (65.6 million passengers), [[Gatwick Airport]] (31.5 million passengers) and [[London Stansted Airport]] (18.9 million passengers).<ref name="caastats" /> London Heathrow Airport, located {{Convert|15|mi|km|}} west of the capital, is the world's second busiest airport by [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|international passenger traffic]] and has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world;<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2008 |title=Heathrow 'needs a third runway' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm |access-date=17 October 2008}}; {{Cite press release |title=Statistics: Top 30 World airports |date=July 2008 |publisher=Airports Council International |url=http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf |access-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> it is the hub for the UK flag carrier [[British Airways]], as well as [[Virgin Atlantic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2008 |title=BMI being taken over by Lufthansa |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm |access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Wind turbines overlooking [[Ardrossan]] in Scotland. The UK is [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.]]

In 2021, the UK was the world's 14th-largest consumer of energy and the 22nd-largest producer.<ref name="United Kingdom Energy Profile">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom Energy Profile |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228165225/https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> The UK is home to many large energy companies, including two of the six major oil and gas companies – [[BP]] and [[Shell plc|Shell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=24 October 2009 |title=Let the battle begin over black gold |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}; {{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Michael |date=26 November 2010 |title=RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term |work=Bloomberg |location=New York |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722062837/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>

The total of all renewable electricity sources provided 43% of the electricity generated in the UK in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=How much of our energy currently comes from renewable sources? |work=National Grid |url=https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/how-much-uks-energy-renewable |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> The UK is [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is the country's fastest-growing supply; in 2022, 26.8% of the UK's total electricity was generated by wind power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2023 |title=Britain produced record amount of wind power in 2022, National Grid says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/britain-produced-record-amount-wind-power-2022-national-grid-2023-01-06/ |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> The UK has the largest offshore wind farm in the world, which is located off the coast of Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Wind energy in the UK: June 2021 |work=UK Government |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021 |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, the UK had 9 nuclear reactors normally generating about 15 per cent of the UK's electricity.<ref name="coal-ref" /> Unlike Germany and Japan, there are two reactors under construction and more planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2013 |title=Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061431/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html |archive-date=14 February 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |publisher=World Nuclear Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear energy: What you need to know |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228181113/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25 per cent of the total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down. The UK government is investing in [[Small Modular Reactors]] and [[Nuclear reactor#Future and developing technologies|Advanced Modular Reactors]] research and development.

In 2021, the UK produced 935 thousand [[Oil barrel|barrels]] per day (bbl/d) of oil (and other liquids) and consumed 1,258 thousand bbl/d.<ref name="United Kingdom Energy Profile" /> Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005.<ref name="eiaoil">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom – Oil |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/Oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812175554/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UK |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> {{As of|2020|alt=In 2020}}, the UK had around 2 billion barrels of proven [[North Sea oil|crude oil reserves]].<ref name="eiaoil" />

In 2021, the UK was the 21st-largest producer of [[natural gas]] in the world.<ref name="eiagas">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom – Natural Gas |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_Kingdom/NaturalGas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416085105/http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=UK |archive-date=16 April 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.<ref name="eiagas" /> In 2020, the UK produced 1.8 million tonnes of coal falling 91% in 10 years.<ref name="coal-ref">{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228175735/https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=World Nuclear Association}}</ref> In 2020 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 26 million tonnes.<ref name="coal-ref" /> The UK [[Coal Authority]] has stated that there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through [[underground coal gasification]] (UCG) or '[[Hydraulic fracturing|fracking]]',<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2006 |title=Coal Reserves in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104054403/http://www.coal.gov.uk/media//860AD/Response%20to%20Energy%20Review%20-%20Appendix%202.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2009 |access-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=The Coal Authority}}</ref> and based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2007 |title=Expert predicts 'coal revolution' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7046981.stm |access-date=23 September 2008}}</ref>

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom}}
Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal. It is estimated that 96 per cent of households are connected to the sewer network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf |title=Sewage Treatment in the UK |publisher=DEFRA |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |date=March 2022 |page=3 |id=PB 6655 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> According to the Environment Agency, total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406 [[megalitre]]s per day in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment Agency |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125040346/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx |archive-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. In Scotland, water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company, [[Scottish Water]]. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, [[Northern Ireland Water]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.niwater.com/about |access-date=29 August 2020 |publisher=niwater.com}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of the United Kingdom|British people|Ceremonial counties of England}}
In the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]] the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2011 |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> It is the [[List of European countries by population|fourth-largest]] in Europe (after Russia, Germany and France), the fifth-largest in the Commonwealth and the [[List of countries by population|22nd-largest]] in the world. In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long-term international migration contributed more to population growth. In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth.<ref name="pop2015">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7 per cent.<ref name="2011census" /> The 2011 census also showed that, over the previous 100 years, the proportion of the population aged 0–14 fell from 31 per cent to 18 per cent, and the proportion of people aged 65 and over rose from 5 to 16 per cent.<ref name="2011census" /> In 2018 the [[median age]] of the UK population was 41.7 years.<ref>{{Citation |title=World Factbook EUROPE: United Kingdom |date=12 July 2018 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom}}</ref>

England's population in 2011 was 53 million, representing some 84 per cent of the UK total.<ref name="2011 UK censuses">{{Cite web |title=2011 UK censuses |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with 420 people per square kilometre in mid-2015,<ref name="pop2015" /> with a particular concentration in London and the south-east.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Urmee |date=16 September 2008 |title=England is most crowded country in Europe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918221002/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html |archive-date=18 September 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |work=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> The 2011 census put Scotland's population at 5.3 million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrell |first=Severin |date=17 December 2012 |title=Scotland's population at record high |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/17/scotland-population-record-high |access-date=18 December 2012 |location=London |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million.<ref name="2011 UK censuses" />

In 2017 the average [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) across the UK was 1.74 children born per woman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital statistics: population and health reference tables |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables |access-date=6 March 2018 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> While a rising birth rate is contributing to population growth, it remains considerably below the [[baby boom]] peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=14 July 2008 |title=The question: What's behind the baby boom? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women |access-date=28 August 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London |page=3}}</ref> or the high of 6.02 children born per woman in 1815,<ref>{{Citation |last=Roser |first=Max |title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries |date=2014 |work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]] |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121623/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |archive-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> below the replacement rate of 2.1, but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables (February 2014 Update): Annual Time Series Data |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/vital-statistics--population-and-health-reference-tables/spring-2014-update/annual-table.xls |access-date=27 April 2014 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]}}</ref> In 2011, 47.3 per cent of births in the UK were to unmarried women.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> The [[Office for National Statistics]] reported in 2015 that out of the UK population aged 16 and over, 1.7 per cent identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (2.0 per cent of males and 1.5 per cent of females); 4.5 per cent of respondents responded with "other", "I don't know", or did not respond.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2016 |title=Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015 |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref> The number of [[transgender]] people in the UK was estimated to be between 65,000 and 300,000 by research between 2001 and 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research report 27: Trans research review |url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706020643/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=equalityhumanrights.com |page=v}}</ref>
{{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom}}

=== Ethnicity ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom}}
Historically, indigenous British people were thought to be [[Genetic history of the British Isles|descended from the various ethnic groups]] that settled there before the 12th century: the [[Celts]], Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and the [[Normans]]. [[Welsh people]] could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2012 |title=Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735 |access-date=28 April 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The UK has a history of non-white immigration with [[Liverpool]] having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade. During this period it is estimated the Afro-Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2011 |title=Victoria and Albert Museum Black Presence |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/silver-service-slavery-the-black-presence-in-the-white-home/}}</ref> which later declined due to the abolition of slavery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winder |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94 |title=Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain |publisher=Little, Brown Book |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-7481-2396-4}}; {{Cite book |last=Costello |first=Ray |title=Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918 |publisher=Picton Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-873245-07-1 |location=Liverpool}}</ref> The UK also has the oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese]] community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool – Chinese Community |url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=In [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]]}}, 87.2 per cent of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8 per cent of the UK population identify themselves as of one of an [[minority group|ethnic minority]] group.<ref name="ethnicity2011">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Ethnic group
! colspan="2"|Population (absolute)
! colspan="2" |Population (per cent)
|-
! 2001
! 2011
!2001<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2004 |title=Population size: 7.9 per cent from a non-White ethnic group |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619124235/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455 |archive-date=19 June 2004 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>
! 2011<ref name="ethnicity2011" />
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|White
| 54,153,898
|55,010,359
|92.1%
|87.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|White: Gypsy, Traveller and {{Nowrap|Irish Traveller}}{{Efn|The 2011 Census recorded Gypsies and Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time.}}
|–
|63,193
|–
| 0.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left" rowspan="5"|Asian and Asian British
| style="text-align:left"|Indian
| 1,053,411
| 1,451,862
|1.8%
| 2.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Pakistani
| 747,285
| 1,174,983
|1.3%
| 1.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Bangladeshi
| 283,063
| 451,529
|0.5%
| 0.7%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Chinese
| 247,403
| 433,150
|0.4%
| 0.7%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Other Asian
| 247,664
| 861,815
|0.4%
| 1.4%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Black, African, Caribbean and Black British{{Efn|In the 2011 Census, for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK, the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (29,638 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or Black" (6,540 people),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095926/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS201SC.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |publisher=National Records of Scotland}}</ref> in this "Black or Black British" category. The ONS note that "the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White/Asian/Other African in addition to Black identities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2011 |title=Ethnic group |url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>}}
| 1,148,738
| 1,904,684
|2.0%
| 3.0%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups
| 677,117
| 1,250,229
|1.2%
| 2.0%
|-
|style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Other ethnic groups
| 230,615
| 580,374
|0.4%
| 0.9%
|-
!style="text-align:left" colspan="2"|Total
!style="text-align:right"|58,789,194
!style="text-align:right"|63,182,178
!style="text-align:right"|100.0%
!style="text-align:right"|100.0%
|}

Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 per cent of London's population and 37.4 per cent of [[Leicester]]'s was estimated to be non-white {{As of|lc=y|2005|06|alt=in 2005}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): London |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68e5HAPQg?url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930dce6eace0153cf12440ca609dc762c8ae598.e38OaNuRbNuSbi0Ma3aNaxiQbNiLe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=276743&c=London&d=13&e=13&g=325264&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1201351285750 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}; {{Cite web |title=Resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages): Leicester |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505032447/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276827&c=Leicester&d=13&e=13&g=394575&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1208962134759&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> whereas less than 5 per cent of the populations of [[North East England]], Wales and the [[South West England|South West]] were from ethnic minorities, according to the 2001 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2001 – Ethnicity and religion in England and Wales |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp |access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> {{As of|2016|alt=In 2016}}, 31.4 per cent of primary and 27.9 per cent of secondary pupils at [[state school]]s in England were members of an ethnic minority.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/schools-pupils-and-their-characteristics-january-2016 |title=Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2016 |date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Department for Education |page=8 |id=SFR 20/2016 |format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of the United Kingdom}}

The [[English language]] is the official and most spoken language of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English language – Government, citizens and rights |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=23 August 2011 |website=[[Directgov]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mac Sithigh |first=Daithí |date=17 May 2018 |title=Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf |journal=Common Law World Review |publisher=Queen's University, Belfast |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=77–102 |doi=10.1177/1473779518773642 |s2cid=219987922}}</ref> The United Kingdom proactively promotes the language globally to build connections, understanding and trust between people in the UK and countries worldwide.<ref>British Council {{Cite web |title=British Council | the UK's international culture and education organisation |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201181104/https://www.britishcouncil.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=5 December 2018}} (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About BBC Learning English |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref> It is estimated that 95 per cent of the UK's population are [[monolingual]] English speakers.<ref name="BBC languages">{{Cite web |title=Languages across Europe: United Kingdom |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml |access-date=4 February 2013 |website=BBC}}</ref> 5.5 per cent of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of relatively recent immigration.<ref name="BBC languages" /> South Asian languages are the largest grouping which includes [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Hindi]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> According to the 2011 census, [[Polish language|Polish]] has become the second-largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=30 January 2013 |title=Polish becomes England's second language |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |access-date=4 February 2012 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> In 2019, some three-quarters of a million people spoke little or no English.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2019 |title=The teenagers who translate for their parents |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494/the-teenagers-who-translate-for-their-parents |access-date=23 April 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
[[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|[[Bilingual sign]] ([[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]]) in [[Newry]], [[Northern Ireland]]]]

Three indigenous [[Celtic languages]] are spoken in the UK: [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]]. [[Cornish language|Cornish]], which became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, is subject to revival efforts and has a small group of second language speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Track |first1=Robert Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63 |title=Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts |last2=Stockwell, Peter |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-41358-9 |page=63 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=4 August 2019}}; {{Cite web |title=Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Council of Europe}}; {{Cite web |title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992 |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref><ref name="reglang" /> According to the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], the [[Welsh-speaking population]] of Wales aged three or older was 538,300 people (17.8 per cent).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=gov.wales |language=en}}</ref> In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn Thomas |first=Peter |date=March 2007 |title=Welsh today |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml |access-date=5 July 2011 |website=Voices |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the 2021 census in Northern Ireland 12.4% of people had some ability in the [[Irish language in Northern Ireland|Irish language]] and 10.4% of people had some ability in the [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster-Scots]] language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210110853/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> Over 92,000 people in Scotland (just under 2 per cent of the population) had some Gaelic language ability, including 72 per cent of those living in the [[Outer Hebrides]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2001 – Gaelic Report |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522110328/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland}}</ref> The number of children being taught either Welsh or Scottish Gaelic is increasing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2009 |title=Local UK languages 'taking off' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Scots language|Scots]], a language descended from early northern [[Middle English]], has limited [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|recognition]] alongside its regional variant, [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] in Northern Ireland, without specific commitments to protection and promotion.<ref name="reglang" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Data – Scots |url=http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623185445/http://eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en |archive-date=23 June 2007 |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages}}</ref> As of April 2020, there are said to be around 151,000 users of [[British Sign Language]] (BSL), a [[sign language]] used by deaf people, in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Hannah |date=23 April 2020 |title='People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=The Scotsman}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in the United Kingdom}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in the United Kingdom (2018 research)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=United Kingdom |url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_233_1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502122744/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_233_1.asp |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref>
|label1= None
|value1 = 52
|color1 = Beige
|label2 = [[Church of England]]
|value2 = 13.7
|color2 = Purple
|label3 = [[Catholic Church in the United Kingdom|Catholic Church]]
|value3 = 8.7
|color3 = Red
|label4 = Other Christian
|value4 = 13.2
|color4 = Skyblue
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 6.7
|color5 = MediumSeaGreen
|label6 = Other religions
|value6 = 3.6
|color6 = Orange
|label7 = Not stated
|value7 = 2.1
|color7 = Gray
}}
Forms of [[History of Christianity in Britain|Christianity]] have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for more than 1,400 years.<ref>Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955037-1}}.</ref> Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in many surveys, regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century,<ref>Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of other faiths, most notably Islam.<ref>Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-4389-0}}.</ref> This has led some commentators to variously describe the UK as a multi-faith,<ref>Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. {{ISBN|978-0-582-47289-1}}.</ref> [[secularised]],<ref>Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0-521-83984-6}}.</ref> or [[post-Christian]] society.<ref>Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. {{ISBN|978-0-521-52959-4}}.</ref>

In the 2001 census, 71.6 per cent of all respondents indicated that they were Christians, with the next largest faiths being [[Islam]] (2.8 per cent), [[Hinduism]] (1.0 per cent), [[Sikhism]] (0.6 per cent), [[Judaism]] (0.5 per cent), [[Buddhism]] (0.3 per cent) and all other religions (0.3 per cent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Census 2001 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293  |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=22 April 2007 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Of the respondents, 15 per cent stated that they had [[irreligion|no religion]] and a further 7 per cent did not state a religious preference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2004 |title=Religious Populations |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111413/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> A [[Tearfund]] survey in 2007 showed that only one in ten Britons actually attend church weekly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2007 |title=United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church |url=http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213155625/http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=9 March 2015 |website=News.adventist.org}}</ref> Between the 2001 and 2011 census, there was a 12 per cent decrease in the number of people who identified as Christian, while the percentage of those reporting no religious affiliation doubled. This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories, with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 per cent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philby |first=Charlotte |date=12 December 2012 |title=Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html |work=[[The Independent|Independent]] |location=London}}</ref> The [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim population]] has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011, making it the second-largest religious group in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=The percentage of the population with no religion has increased in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/sty-religion.html |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref>

The Church of England is the [[State religion|established church]] in England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=The History of the Church of England |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221212004/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=23 November 2008 |website=The Church of England}}</ref> It retains a [[Lords Spiritual|representation]] in the UK Parliament, and the British monarch is its [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen and Church of England |url=http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=5 June 2010 |publisher=British Monarchy Media Centre}}</ref> In [[religion in Scotland|Scotland]], the [[Church of Scotland]] is recognised as the [[national church]]. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterian Church Government]]" upon his or her accession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen and the Church |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025533/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx |archive-date=5 June 2011 |publisher=The British Monarchy (Official Website)}}</ref><ref name="reglang" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Our structure |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192732/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |archive-date=25 January 2020 |website=churchofscotland.org.uk}}</ref> The [[Church in Wales]] was disestablished in 1920 and, because the [[Church of Ireland]] was disestablished in 1870 before the [[partition of Ireland]], there is no established church in Northern Ireland.<ref>Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. {{ISBN|978-0-567-08487-3}}.</ref> Although there are no UK-wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, it has been estimated that 62 per cent of Christians are Anglican, 13.5 per cent Catholic, 6 per cent Presbyterian, and 3.4 per cent Methodist, with small numbers of other Protestant denominations such as [[Plymouth Brethren]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches.<ref>Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. {{ISBN|978-90-5589-248-8}}.</ref>

=== Migration ===
{{Main|Historical immigration to Great Britain|Modern immigration to the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Estimated foreign-born population by country of birth from April 2007 to March 2008]]
[[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006]]

Immigration is now contributing to a rising UK population,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2008 |title=Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref> with arrivals and UK-born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001. According to official statistics released in 2015, 27 per cent of UK live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Births in England and Wales: 2014 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html |website=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21 per cent to 239,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |date=25 August 2011 |title=UK net migration rises 21 per cent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/25/uk-net-migration-rises-21 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref>

In 2013, approximately 208,000 foreign nationals were naturalised as British citizens, the highest number since 1962. This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014. Between 2009 and 2013, the average number of British citizenships granted annually was 195,800. The most common previous nationalities of those naturalised in 2014 were Indian, Pakistani, [[Philippines|Filipino]], [[Nigeria]]n, [[Bangladesh]]i, [[Nepal]]i, Chinese, South African, Polish and [[Somalia|Somali]].<ref name="Blinder2015">{{Cite web |last=Blinder |first=Scott |date=27 March 2015 |title=Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends |url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916052200/http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |publisher=The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford}}</ref> The total number of grants of settlement, which confer [[Permanent residency|permanent residence]] in the UK but not citizenship,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blinder |first=Scott |date=11 June 2014 |title=Settlement in the UK |url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232123/http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |publisher=The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford}}</ref> was approximately 154,700 in 2013, higher than the previous two years.<ref name="Blinder2015" />

Emigration was an important feature of British society in the 19th century. Between 1815 and 1930, around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland. Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century, some 300 million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe.<ref>Richards (2004), pp. 6–7.</ref> Today, at least 5.5 million UK-born people live abroad,<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{Cite web |last=Sriskandarajah |first=Dhananjayan |last2=Drew |first2=Catherine |date=11 December 2006 |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828011816/http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-date=28 August 2007 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brits Abroad: world overview |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm |access-date=20 April 2007 |publisher=BBC}}; {{Cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=11 December 2006 |title=5.5 m Britons 'opt to live abroad' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm |access-date=20 April 2007}}</ref> mainly in Australia, Spain, the United States and Canada.<ref name="BritsAbroad" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2006 |title=Brits Abroad: Country-by-country |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in the United Kingdom|Universities in the United Kingdom}}
{{Further|Education in England|Education in Scotland|Education in Wales|Education in Northern Ireland}}
[[File:Oxford - Radcliffe Square - University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Brasenose College, Radcliffe Camera 1737-48 by James Gibbs, Bodleian Library & All Souls College 04.jpg|thumb|[[University of Oxford]] is widely regarded as one of the world's leading universities.]]
Education in the United Kingdom is a [[Devolution|devolved]] matter, with each country having a separate education system. About 38 per cent of the United Kingdom population has a university or [[college degree]], which is the highest percentage in Europe, and among the highest percentages in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=The Most Educated Countries in the World |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204213400/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html%3B_ylt%3DAlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG%3B_ylu%3DX3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--%3B_ylg%3DX3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--%3B_ylv%3D3?page=1 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=Yahoo Finance}}; {{Cite magazine |date=27 September 2012 |title=And the World's Most Educated Country Is… |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is |magazine=Time |location=New York |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> The United Kingdom is home to many universities, including the [[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge]] which often achieve first place on global rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=5 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

University education has varied tuition fees between the different regions of the UK. England and Wales have a fixed maximum annual fee for all UK citizens. Northern Ireland and Scotland have a reduced maximum fee or no fee for citizens where it is their home region. Some NHS courses have bursaries which pay the fee and in 2017 it was stated that each doctor gets subsidised by £230,000 during their training.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans |url=https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=UCAS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More undergraduate medical education places |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=gov.uk}}</ref>

In 2022, the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], ranked the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 14th in the world in reading, mathematics and science. The average British student scored 494, well above the OECD average of 478.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PISA 2022 Results |url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/pisa-scores-by-country |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Data Pandas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PISA 2022 UK Results |url=https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=OECD}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{Main||Healthcare in the United Kingdom}}{{Further|Healthcare in England|Healthcare in Scotland|Healthcare in Wales|}}[[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|right|[[NHS Scotland]]'s [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]] in Glasgow, the largest hospital campus in Europe]]

The modern-system of [[Universal service|universal]] [[Publicly funded health care|publicly funded]] in the United Kingdom has its origins in the creation of the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) in 1949 which still exists to this day and is the primary healthcare provider in the United Kingdom. The widespread popularity of the NHS has led to it being described as a "national religion".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Martha |date=9 July 2023 |title=To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75 |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=religionmediacentre.org.uk}}</ref> Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a [[Devolution|devolved matter]] and each country has its own system of universal publicly funded healthcare, although private healthcare is also available. Public healthcare is provided to all [[British nationality law|UK permanent residents]] and is mostly free at the point of need, being paid for from [[Taxation in the United Kingdom|general taxation]]. The [[World Health Organization]], in 2000, ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl |title=The world health report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2000 |isbn=978-92-4-156198-3 |editor-last=Haden |editor-first=Angela |location=Geneva |access-date=5 July 2011 |editor-last2=Campanini |editor-first2=Barbara}}; {{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries |url=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf |access-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=New York University}}</ref>

Since 1979, expenditure on healthcare has been increased significantly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Peter |title=The NHS from Thatcher to Blair |url=http://www.healthp.org/node/71 |journal=NHS Consultants Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120124807/http://www.healthp.org/node/71 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |quote=The Budget ... was even more generous to the NHS than had been expected amounting to an annual rise of 7.4 per cent above the rate of inflation for the next five years. This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.}}</ref> The 2018 [[OECD]] data, which incorporates in health a chunk of what in the UK is classified as social care, has the UK spending £3,121 per head.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2019 |title=Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients |url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article? |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Health Service Journal}}</ref> In 2017 the UK spent £2,989 per person on healthcare, around the median for members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2019 |title=How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries? |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29 |access-date=5 October 2019 |publisher=Office of National Statistics}}</ref>

Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK-wide basis such as the [[General Medical Council]], the [[Nursing and Midwifery Council]] and non-governmental-based, such as the [[Royal College]]s. Political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national [[executive (government)|executives]]; [[healthcare in England]] is the responsibility of the UK Government; [[healthcare in Northern Ireland]] is the responsibility of the [[Northern Ireland Executive]]; [[healthcare in Scotland]] is the responsibility of the [[Scottish Government]]; and [[healthcare in Wales]] is the responsibility of the [[Welsh Government]]. Each [[National Health Service]] has different policies and priorities, resulting in contrasts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2008 |title='Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm |work=BBC News}}; {{Cite news |last=Triggle |first=Nick |date=2 January 2008 |title=NHS now four different systems |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of the United Kingdom}}

The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by many factors including: the nation's island status; [[History of the United Kingdom|its history]]; and being a [[political union]] of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions, customs and symbolism. As a result of the [[British Empire]], British influence can be observed in [[English language|the language]], culture and [[Common law|legal systems]] of many of [[List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom|its former colonies]], in particular, the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Ireland, a common culture known today as the [[Anglosphere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julian Go |title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15174-1 |editor-last=Arjomand |editor-first=Saïd Amir |pages=92–94 |chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ferguson|2004|p=307}} The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led to it being described as a "[[cultural superpower]]".<ref name="culture">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf |title=The cultural superpower: British cultural projection abroad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155419/http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=dead |journal=British Politics Review |location=Norway |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=Winter 2011 |issn=1890-4505 |publisher=British Politics Society}}</ref><ref name="sheridan">{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Greg |date=15 May 2010 |title=Cameron has chance to make UK great again |work=The Australian |location=Sydney |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cameron-has-chance-to-make-uk-great-again/story-e6frg6zo-1225866975992 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> A global survey in 2023 ranked the UK 3rd in the 'Most Influential Countries' rankings (behind the US and China).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Influential Countries |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|British literature}}
[[File:Title page William Shakespeare's First Folio 1623.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Shakespeare]]'s [[First Folio]] from 1623; a copy is on display in the [[British Library]].]]
British literature includes literature associated with the United Kingdom, the [[Isle of Man]] and the [[Channel Islands]]. Most British literature is in English. In 2005, some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the [[books published per country per year|largest publisher of books]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldfarb, Jeffrey |date=10 May 2006 |title=Bookish Britain overtakes America as top publisher |work=RedOrbit |agency=Reuters |location=Texas |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/entertainment/499053/bookish_britain_overtakes_america_as_top_publisher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106093222/http://www.redorbit.com/news/entertainment/499053/bookish_britain_overtakes_america_as_top_publisher |archive-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>

The English playwright and poet [[William Shakespeare]] is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |access-date=26 February 2006 |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |access-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archive-date=9 February 2006}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |access-date=26 February 2006}}</ref> The 20th-century English crime writer [[Agatha Christie]] is the [[List of best-selling fiction authors|best-selling novelist]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2005 |title=Mystery of Christie's success is solved |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Twelve of the top 25 of 100 novels by British writers chosen by a BBC poll of global critics were written by women; these included works by [[George Eliot]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Charlotte Brontë|Charlotte]] and [[Emily Brontë]], [[Mary Shelley]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Doris Lessing]] and [[Zadie Smith]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ciabattari |first=Jane |date=December 2015 |title=The 25 greatest British novels |work=BBC Culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Scottish literature|Scotland's contributions]] include [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] (the creator of [[Sherlock Holmes]]), [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]], [[J. M. Barrie]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] and the poet [[Robert Burns]]. More recently [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] and [[Neil M. Gunn]] contributed to the [[Scottish Renaissance]], with grimmer works from [[Ian Rankin]] and [[Iain Banks]]. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, was UNESCO's first worldwide [[City of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528152834/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 March 2015 |work=Unesco}}</ref>

Welsh literature includes Britain's oldest known poem, ''[[Y Gododdin]]'', which was composed most likely in the late 6th century. It was written in [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] or [[Old Welsh]] and contains the earliest known reference to [[King Arthur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Welsh poetry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml |access-date=29 December 2010 |work=BBC Wales}}</ref> The Arthurian legend was further developed by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lang, Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC |title=History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne |publisher=Wildside Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8095-3229-2 |location=Holicong, PA |page=42 |orig-date=1913}}</ref> Poet [[Dafydd ap Gwilym]] (''fl.'' 1320–1370) is regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Dafydd ap Gwilym |url=http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034938/http://www.literaturewales.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 January 2011 |website=[[Literature Wales|Academi.org]] |quote=Dafydd ap Gwilym is widely regarded as one of the greatest Welsh poets of all time, and amongst the leading European poets of the Middle Ages.}}</ref> [[Daniel Owen]] is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist, publishing ''[[Rhys Lewis (novel)|Rhys Lewis]]'' in 1885. The best-known of the [[Anglo-Welsh poetry|Anglo-Welsh poets]] are [[Dylan Thomas]] and [[R. S. Thomas]], the latter nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1996. Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include [[Richard Llewellyn]] and [[Kate Roberts (author)|Kate Roberts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm |title=True birthplace of Wales's literary hero |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316173733/http://newscdn.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/551486.stm |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=dead |website=BBC News |date=5 December 1999 |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kate Roberts: Biography |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724104228/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 February 2017 |website=BBC Wales}}</ref>

Irish writers, living at a time when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, include [[Oscar Wilde]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varty |first=Anne |title=A Preface to Oscar Wilde |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89231-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A9YFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 231–232]}}; {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Oscar Wilde |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage]] |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> [[Bram Stoker]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moss |first=Joyce |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286 |title=British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–) |publisher=Gale Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7876-3729-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286/page/107 107] |url-access=registration}}</ref> and [[George Bernard Shaw]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384 |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7011-3350-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384 384] }}; {{Cite web |title=G B Shaw |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Discovering Literature: 20th century |publisher=[[British Library]] |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155152/https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been many authors whose origins were from outside the United Kingdom but who moved to the UK, including [[Joseph Conrad]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159 |title=Joseph Conrad |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-26851-6 |page=159}}</ref> [[T. S. Eliot]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=John Xiros |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111 |title=The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45790-3 |page=111}}</ref> [[Kazuo Ishiguro]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sim |first=Wai-chew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 |title=Kazuo Ishiguro |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19867-1 |page=201}}</ref> Sir [[Salman Rushdie]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Rushdie |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> and [[Ezra Pound]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=James |date=17 May 2008 |title=Home from home |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3 |access-date=10 December 2019}}; {{Cite book |last=Nadel |first=Ira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Ezra Pound: A Literary Life |date=2004 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-37881-0 |page=90}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|British philosophy}}
The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of '[[British Empiricism]]', a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid, and 'Scottish Philosophy', sometimes referred to as the '[[Scottish School of Common Sense]]'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |title=A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins |publisher=Thoemmes Press |year=2000 |editor-last=Fieser, James |location=Bristol |access-date=17 December 2010 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409171906/https://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are [[John Locke]], [[George Berkeley]]{{Efn|Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a 'British empiricist' due to the territory of what is now known as the [[Republic of Ireland]] being in the UK at the time.}} and [[David Hume]]; while [[Dugald Stewart]], [[Thomas Reid]] and [[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet|William Hamilton]] were major exponents of the Scottish "common sense" school. Two Britons are also notable for the ethical theory of [[utilitarianism]], a moral philosophy first used by [[Jeremy Bentham]] and later by [[John Stuart Mill]] in his short work ''[[Utilitarianism (book)|Utilitarianism]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer, Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66 |title=Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook |publisher=Lutterworth Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7188-2978-0 |location=Cambridge |page=66}}; {{Cite book |last=Scarre, Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82 |title=Utilitarianism |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-12197-2 |location=London |page=82}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|[[The Proms]] is a classical music festival, most closely associated with [[Henry Wood]] and held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], which regularly plays music by [[Edward Elgar]] and other British composers.]]
Various styles of music have become popular in the UK, including the indigenous [[folk music]] of [[Folk music of England|England]], [[Music of Wales#Folk music|Wales]], [[Folk music of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Folk music of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]. Historically, there has been exceptional Renaissance music from the [[Tudor period]], with masses, madrigals and lute music by [[Thomas Tallis]], [[John Taverner]], [[William Byrd]], [[Orlando Gibbons]] and [[John Dowland]]. After the [[Stuart Restoration]], an English tradition of dramatic masques, anthems and airs became established, led by [[Henry Purcell]], followed by [[Thomas Arne]] and others. The German-born composer [[George Frideric Handel]] became a [[Naturalization|naturalised]] [[British nationality law|British citizen]] in 1727, when he composed the anthem ''[[Zadok the Priest]]'' for the [[coronation of George II]]; it became the traditional ceremonial music for anointing all future monarchs. Handel's many oratorios, such as his famous ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', were written in the English language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel |url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164147/http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm |archive-date=26 March 2010 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=UK Parliament}}; {{Cite news |last=Andrews |first=John |date=14 April 2006 |title=Handel all'inglese |work=Playbill |location=New York |url=http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html |access-date=11 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210558/http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> In the second half of the 19th century, as [[Arthur Sullivan]] and his librettist [[W. S. Gilbert]] wrote their popular [[Savoy opera]]s, [[Edward Elgar]]'s wide range of music rivalled that of his contemporaries on the continent. Increasingly, however, composers became inspired by the English countryside and its [[folk music]], notably [[Gustav Holst]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], and [[Benjamin Britten]], a pioneer of modern British opera. Among the many post-war composers, some of the most notable have made their own personal choice of musical identity: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] (Orkney), [[Harrison Birtwistle]] (mythological), and [[John Tavener]] (religious).<ref>{{Cite Grove|title=Great Britain|first1=Nicholas|last1=Iemperley|date = 2002| url =https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236 |url-access=subscription}}; {{Cite Grove|title=England (i)|date = 2001| url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044|url-access= subscription|first1=Stephen|last1= Banfield|first2= Ian|last2= Russell}}; {{Cite Grove|title=Wales| date=2001|first1=Geraint|last1= Lewis|first2= Lyn|last2= Davies|first3= Phyllis|last3= Kinney| url =
https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108 | url-access=subscription}}; {{Cite Grove|title=Scotland| first1=Kenneth |last1= Elliott| first2= Francis|last2= Collinson| first3= Peggy |last3= Duesenberry |url = https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113 | url-access = subscription | date = 2001}}; {{Cite Grove|title= Ireland| first1 = Harry |last1=White |first2 = Nicholas| last2= Carolan|
url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901|url-access= subscription| date = 2011}}; {{Cite web |title=British 20th century composers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1 |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Today, recent classical singers include: [[Alfie Boe]], [[Bryn Terfel]], [[Katherine Jenkins]], [[Michael Ball]], [[Roderick Williams]], [[Russell Watson]] and [[Sarah Brightman]], while [[Nicola Benedetti]] and [[Nigel Kennedy]] are renowned for their violin ability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=30 of the greatest violinists on record |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Gramophone}};{{Cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century |url=https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation? |url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Michael Ball |url=https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=English National Opera}};{{Cite web |title=Alfie Bow |url=https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Classic FM}};{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023|title=Sarah Brightman facts |url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Smooth Radio}}</ref>

According to ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', the term "[[pop music]]" originated in Britain in the mid-1950s to describe [[rock and roll]]'s fusion with the "new youth music".<ref>R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010. {{Subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113160329/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'' states that artists such as [[the Beatles]] and [[the Rolling Stones]] drove pop music to the forefront of popular music in the early 1960s.<ref>"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.{{Subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112170116/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237|date=12 November 2017}}</ref> Birmingham became known as the birthplace of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], with the band [[Black Sabbath]] starting there in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal |language=en |work=CNN |date=1 July 2011 |first1=Laura |last1=Allsop |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |postscript=;}} {{Cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=4 June 2013 |title=Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal |url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Birmingham Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In the following years, Britain widely occupied a part in the development of [[rock music]], with British acts pioneering [[hard rock]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rolling Stones {{!}} Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=AllMusic |language=en-us}}</ref> [[raga rock]]; [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tom Larson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183 |title=History of Rock and Roll |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7872-9969-9 |pages=183–187}}</ref> [[space rock]]; [[glam rock]];<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Glam Rock |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |access-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828224412/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html |archive-date=28 August 2009 |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] }}</ref> [[Gothic rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=NME Originals: Goth |url=https://www.nme.com/originals/4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126150121/http://www.nme.com/originals/4 |archive-date=26 January 2008 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> [[psychedelic rock]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage |url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800 |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> and [[punk rock]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=2001 |title=The Sex Pistols |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/TheSexPistols/;kw=%5Bnews,artists,9620,40534,40572%5D |magazine=RollingStone.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201183919/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/TheSexPistols/;kw=%5Bnews,artists,9620,40534,40572%5D |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> British acts also developed [[neo soul]] and created [[dubstep]].<ref>Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923151236/http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465|date=23 September 2017}} "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; {{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Vivien |date=31 January 2012 |title=Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol}}</ref> The modern UK is known to produce some of the most prominent English-speaking rappers along with the United States, including [[Stormzy]], [[Kano (rapper)|Kano]], [[Yxng Bane]], [[Ramz (rapper)|Ramz]], [[Little Simz]] and [[Skepta]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018 |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8097878/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:The Fabs.JPG|thumb|[[The Beatles]] are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music, selling over a billion records.<ref name="Beatles sales">{{Cite web |title=1960–1969 |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969 |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=EMI Group}}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{Cite magazine |date=8 June 1992 |title=Paul At Fifty |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |magazine=Time |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206120350/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref>]]
The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the [[List of best-selling music artists|biggest-selling]] and [[Cultural impact of the Beatles|most influential band in the history of popular music]].<ref name="Beatles sales"/><ref name="McCartney"/><ref name="Guinness"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |work=Belfast Telegraph |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref> Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include the Rolling Stones, [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], and [[Elton John]], all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |date=2 February 2009 |publisher=[[EMI]] |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |archive-date=23 April 2014}}; {{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Urmee |date=17 July 2008 |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730164432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |archive-date=30 July 2008}}; {{Cite news |last=Alleyne |first=Richard |date=19 April 2008 |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 March 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{Cbignore}}; {{Cite news |date=11 July 2006 |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm}}; {{Cite news |last=Holton |first=Kate |date=17 January 2008 |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |access-date=26 October 2008}}; {{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=12 May 2008 |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Brit Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI's]] annual music awards, and some of the British recipients of the [[Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music|Outstanding Contribution to Music]] award include [[the Who]], [[David Bowie]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[the Police]], and [[Fleetwood Mac]] (who are a British-American band).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/feb/22/brit-awards-winners-list-2012 "Brit awards winners list 2012: every winner since 1977"]. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> More recent UK music acts that have had international success include [[George Michael]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Spice Girls]], [[Radiohead]], [[Coldplay]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Susan Boyle]], [[Adele]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Lewis Capaldi]], [[One Direction]] and [[Harry Styles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most |url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Consequence of Sound |language=en-US}}; {{Cite magazine |date=16 July 2020 |title=10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen |magazine=Billboard |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9419436/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews |access-date=15 September 2020}}; {{Cite news |last=Corner, Lewis |date=16 February 2012 |title=Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011 |work=Digital Spy |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html |access-date=22 March 2012}}; {{Cite web |title=Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar |url=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=PlanetRadio.co.uk |last=Magliola |first=Anna Sky |date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

A number of UK cities are known for their music. Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number 1 hit singles, more per capita than any other city worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Mark |date=14 January 2008 |title=A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger |work=Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS |access-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175425/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS |archive-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> Glasgow's contribution to music was recognised in 2008 when it was named a [[UNESCO]] [[City of Music (UNESCO)|City of Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2008 |title=Glasgow gets city of music honour |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm |access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> Manchester played a role in the spread of dance music such as [[acid house]], and from the mid-1990s, [[Britpop]]. London and Bristol are closely associated with the origins of [[electronic music]] sub-genres such as [[drum and bass]] and [[trip hop]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass |url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=Red Bull|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref>

UK dance music traces its roots back to the Black British [[Sound system (Jamaican)|Sound System Culture]] and the [[New Age travellers|New Age Traveller]] movement of the 60s and 70s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Dazed}}</ref> it also has influences from [[New Wave music|New Wave]] and [[Synth-pop]] such as from bands [[New Order (band)|New Order]] and [[Depeche Mode]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Depeche Mode — Pioneers In Electronic Music |url=https://medium.com/hd-pro/depeche-mode-pioneers-in-electronic-music-1f0e4a984fff |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Medium}}</ref> and also has influences from the [[House music|Chicago House]] and [[Detroit techno|Detroit Techno]] scenes. In the late 80's, dance music exploded with [[Rave]] culture mainly [[Acid House]] tracks which were made mainstream with novelty records (such as Smart E's [[Sesame's Treet]] and the Prodigy's [[Charly (song)|Charly]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2001 |title=Rave |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Oxford Music Online}}</ref> and the [[Balearic beat|Balearic sound]] brought back from the Ibiza club scene. This led on to genres such as [[UK Garage]], [[Speed Garage]], [[Drum and bass]], [[Jungle music|Jungle]], [[Trance music|Trance]] and [[Dubstep]]. Influential UK dance acts past and present include [[808 State]], [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]], [[the Prodigy]], [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]], [[Roni Size]], [[Leftfield]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Groove Armada]], [[Fatboy Slim]], [[Faithless]], [[Basement Jaxx]], [[Chemical Brothers]], [[Sub Focus]], [[Chase & Status]], [[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]], [[Calvin Harris]] and [[Fred Again]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed |date=19 January 2012|url=http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414045620/http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed}};{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Other influential UK DJs include [[Judge Jules]], [[Pete Tong]], [[Carl Cox]], [[Paul Oakenfold]], [[John Digweed]] and [[Sasha (dj)|Sasha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003|url=http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp|archive-date=7 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207071739/http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp}}</ref>

=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Art of the United Kingdom|Architecture of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Morris Evenlode printed textile.jpg|thumb|[[William Morris]] textile design, 1883]]
[[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|The [[Angel of the North]] sculpture by [[Antony Gormley]] has become a symbol of [[northern England]].]]
Major British artists include: the [[Romanticism|Romantics]] [[William Blake]], [[John Constable]], [[Samuel Palmer]] and [[J. M. W. Turner]]; the [[portrait]] painters [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] and [[Lucian Freud]]; the landscape artists [[Thomas Gainsborough]] and [[L. S. Lowry]]; the pioneer of the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] [[William Morris]]; the figurative painter [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]]; the [[Pop artist]]s [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Richard Hamilton (artist)|Richard Hamilton]] and [[David Hockney]]; the pioneers of [[Conceptual art]] movement [[Art & Language]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tate |title=Art & Language – Art Term {{!}} Tate |work=Tate |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> the collaborative duo [[Gilbert and George]]; the [[Abstract art|abstract]] artist [[Howard Hodgkin]]; and the sculptors [[Antony Gormley]], [[Anish Kapoor]] and [[Henry Moore]]. During the late 1980s and 1990s the [[Saatchi Gallery]] in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the "[[Young British Artists]]": [[Damien Hirst]], [[Chris Ofili]], [[Rachel Whiteread]], [[Tracey Emin]], [[Mark Wallinger]], [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]], [[Sam Taylor-Wood]] and the [[Jake and Dinos Chapman|Chapman Brothers]] are among the better-known members of this loosely affiliated movement.

The [[Royal Academy]] in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom. Major schools of art in the UK include: the six-school [[University of the Arts London]], which includes the [[Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design]] and [[Chelsea College of Art and Design]]; [[Goldsmiths, University of London]]; the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] (part of [[University College London]]); the [[Glasgow School of Art]]; the [[Royal College of Art]]; and [[The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art]] (part of the University of Oxford). The [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] is a leading centre for the teaching of the [[history of art]]. Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the [[National Gallery]], [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[Tate Britain]] and [[Tate Modern]] (the most-visited modern art gallery in the world, with around 4.7 million visitors per year).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayley |first=Stephen |date=24 April 2010 |title=The startling success of Tate Modern |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece |access-date=19 January 2011}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of the United Kingdom|Theatre of the United Kingdom}}
The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema. The British directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], whose film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is considered by some critics as the [[List of films considered the best|best film of all time]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> and [[David Lean]] who directed [[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]] are among the most critically acclaimed directors of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517155218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-date=17 May 2012 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Recent popular directors include: [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Sam Mendes]], [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]], [[Danny Boyle]], [[Tony Scott]] and [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 24 Best British Directors of All Time |date=13 May 2023 |url=https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Movieweb }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 22 U.K. Film Directors |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=IMDB }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK's top 50 film directors |date=23 May 2012 |url=https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/ |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Televisual }}</ref> Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the [[List of highest-grossing film series|highest-grossing film franchises]] (''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]]'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2007 |title=Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |access-date=2 November 2010}}</ref>

2019 was a particularly good year for British films which grossed around £10.3 billion globally which was 28.7% of global box office revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Film Industry Statistics 2023 |date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217211749/https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> UK box-office takings totalled £1.25 billion in 2019, with around 176 million admissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UK box office in 2019 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217214846/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> In 2023 UK film and television studio stage space stands at 6.9 million sq ft, with 1 million sq ft added in the past year with more in development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Film and Television Studios Market Report |url=https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf |access-date=17 February 2024 | publisher=Knight Frank }}</ref> The annual [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Film Awards]] are hosted by the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2001 |title=Baftas fuel Oscars race |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm |access-date=14 February 2011}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|British cuisine}}
{{Further|English cuisine|Northern Irish cuisine|Scottish cuisine|Welsh cuisine}}
[[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|[[Fish and chips]], a traditional British dish served with lemon, tartar sauce and mushy peas]]

British cuisine developed from various influences reflective of its land, settlements, arrivals of new settlers and immigrants, trade and colonialism. The food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.<ref>{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=76}}.</ref> The traditional [[Sunday roast]] is one example, featuring a [[roasting|roasted joint]], usually of beef, lamb, chicken or pork, often [[free range]] (and generally grass-fed, in the case of beef). Roasts are served with either roasted or boiled vegetables, [[Yorkshire pudding]], and [[gravy]]. Other traditional meals include [[meat pie]]s and various [[stew]]s.

A 2019 YouGov poll rated classic British food, the following had more than 80% of people like them who had tried them: Sunday roast, Yorkshire pudding, Fish and chips, Crumpets, and Full English breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons|date=11 June 2019|title=Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons}}</ref>

The [[British Empire]] facilitated a knowledge of [[Indian cuisine]] with its "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". British cuisine has absorbed the cultural influence of those who have [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|settled in Britain]], producing hybrid dishes, such as [[chicken tikka masala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2001 |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |access-date=7 September 2021}}; {{Cite news |last=BBC E-Cyclopedia |date=20 April 2001 |title=Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm |access-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> The British have embraced world cuisine and regularly eat recipes or fast food from Europe, the Caribbean and Asia.

Sweet foods are common within British cuisine, and there is a long list of [[List of British desserts|British desserts]]. Afternoon tea is a light afternoon meal served with tea in tea rooms and hotels around the United Kingdom, with the tradition dating back to around 1840.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=The British Museum}}</ref>

[[Veganism|Vegan]] and [[Vegetarianism in the United Kingdom|vegetarian]] diets have increased in Britain in recent years. In 2021, a survey found that 8% of British respondents eat a plant-based diet and 36% of respondents have a favourable view of plant-based diets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=No meat please, we're British: now a third of us approve of vegan diet |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/25/no-meat-please-were-british-now-a-third-of-us-approve-of-vegan-diet |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|[[MediaCityUK]] in [[Salford]], [[Greater Manchester]] is one of the largest media production facilities in Europe.]]
The [[BBC]], founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.<ref name="MediaNewsline">{{Cite web |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref><ref name="ProspectMag">{{Cite web |title=Digital license |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107024637/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/07/digitallicense |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=Prospect}}</ref><ref name="AboutBBC">{{Cite news |title=About the BBC – What is the BBC |work=BBC Online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newswire7 |date=13 August 2009 |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |journal=Media Newsline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510090842/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}; {{Cite web |date=April 2010 |title=TV Licence Fee: facts & figures |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=BBC Press Office}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] is an [[International broadcasting|international broadcaster]] owned and operated by the BBC. It is the world's largest of any kind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News in your language – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages |website=Bbc.co.uk}}; {{Cite web |title=BBC World Service |url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about |website=Facebook.com}}</ref>

Other major players in the UK media include [[ITV plc|ITV]], which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV Network]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications & Policies: The History of ITV |url= http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110411224117/http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies |archive-date=11 April 2011 |website=ITV.com}}</ref> and [[Sky UK|Sky]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Direct Broadcast Satellite Television |url= http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |journal=News Corporation |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604095622/http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> Newspapers produced in the United Kingdom include the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']], ''[[The Times]]'', and the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2008 |title=ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Magazines and journals published in the United Kingdom that have achieved worldwide circulation include ''[[The Spectator]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[New Statesman]]'', and ''[[Radio Times]].''

London dominates the media sector in the UK: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although [[MediaCityUK]] in Manchester is also a significant national media centre. Edinburgh and Glasgow, and Cardiff, are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales, respectively.<ref>William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. {{ISBN|978-9987-16-021-1}}, pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publishing |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505104322/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Department of Culture, Media and Sport}}</ref> In 2015, the UK published 2,710 book titles per million inhabitants, more than any other country, much of this being exported to other [[Anglophone]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016 |title=Annual Report 2015–2016 |url=https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=www.internationalpublishers.org |publisher=International Publishers Association |page=16 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831205753/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, 82.5 per cent of the UK population were Internet users, the highest proportion among the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm |journal=Internet World Stats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610104435/http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Video games in the United Kingdom|British video game industry]] is the largest in Europe, and, since 2022, the UK has the [[List of video games markets by country|largest video game market]] in Europe by sales, overtaking [[Video games in Germany|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dring |first=Christopher |date=12 January 2023 |title=European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022 |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |language=en}}</ref> It is the world's third-largest producer of video games after [[Video games in Japan|Japan]] and the [[Video games in the United States|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UK Video Games Industry |url=https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=TIGA |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in the United Kingdom|Great Britain at the Olympics}}
[[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|right|The [[2023 FA Cup final]] at [[Wembley Stadium]] between [[Manchester City]] and [[Manchester United]]]]
[[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|right|Golf originated from the [[Old Course at St Andrews]] in Scotland.]]

[[Association football]], [[tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[badminton]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby sevens]], [[golf]], [[boxing]], [[netball]], [[water polo]], [[field hockey]], [[English billiards|billiards]], [[darts]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[rounders]] and [[cricket]] originated or were substantially developed in the UK, with the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th-century [[Victorian Britain]].{{efn|In 2012, the President of the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], stated, "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf |title=Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad |website=Olympic.org |access-date=30 November 2013 |date=27 July 2012 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819135346/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |title=Unparalleled Sporting History |work=Reuters |access-date=30 November 2013 |last=Mehaffey |first=John |location=London |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525164121/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the UK.<ref name="sports poll">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2003 |title=Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport' |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Ipsos-Mori}}</ref> England is recognised by [[FIFA]] as the birthplace of club football, and the [[Football Association]] is the oldest of its kind, with the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|rules of football]] first drafted in 1863 by [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rudd |first=Alyson |date=7 April 2008 |title=The father of football deserves much more |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 January 2015}}; {{Cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=29 January 2015 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> Each of the [[Home Nations]] (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) has its own football association, national team and [[league system]], and each is individually a governing member of the [[International Football Association Board]] alongside FIFA. The English top division, the [[Premier League]], is the most watched football league in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebner |first=Sarah |date=2 July 2013 |title=History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> The first international football match was contested by [[England national football team|England]] and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] on 30 November 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell, Paul |author-link=Paul Mitchell (broadcaster) |date=November 2005 |title=The first international football match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport Scotland}}</ref> England, Scotland, [[Wales national football team|Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] usually compete as separate countries in international competitions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harlow |first=Phil |date=5 August 2008 |title=Why is there no GB Olympics football team? |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm |access-date=31 December 2010}}</ref>

In 2003, rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK.<ref name="sports poll" /> The sport was created in [[Rugby School]], Warwickshire, and the [[1871 England versus Scotland rugby union match|first rugby international]] took place on 27 March 1871 between [[England national rugby union team|England]] and [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757 |title=Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world |work=BBC News |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Godwin |first1=Terry |last2=Rhys |first2=Chris |year=1981 |title=The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats |page=10 |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |isbn=978-0-85112-214-4}}</ref> England, Scotland, [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]], [[France national rugby union team|France]] and [[Italy national rugby union team|Italy]] compete in the [[Six Nations Championship]], which is the premier international rugby union tournament in the northern hemisphere. [[Sports governing bodies]] in [[Rugby union in England|England]], [[Rugby union in Scotland|Scotland]], [[Rugby union in Wales|Wales]] and [[Rugby union in Ireland|Ireland]] organise and regulate the game separately.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Louw, Jaco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95 |title=The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby |last2=Nesbit, Derrick |publisher=South Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-620-39541-0 |location=Johannesburg}}</ref> Every four years, the Home Nations make a combined team known as the [[British and Irish Lions]] which tours Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

The United Kingdom hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games]] in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]], with London acting as the host city on all three occasions. Birmingham hosted the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], the seventh time a [[Countries of the United Kingdom|constitute country in the United Kingdom]] hosted the [[Commonwealth Games]] (England, Scotland and Wales have each hosted the Commonwealth Games at least once).<ref>{{Cite news |title=The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/ |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Symbols ===
{{Main|Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man|l1 = Symbols of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|Union Jack flags on [[The Mall, London|The Mall]], London]]
The [[flag of the United Kingdom]] is the [[Union Flag]] (also referred to as the Union Jack).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Jack or Union Flag? |url=https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=The Flag Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the [[flag of England]], representing [[Saint George]], on the [[flag of Scotland]], representing [[Saint Andrew]], and was updated in 1801 with the addition of [[Saint Patrick's Flag]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=college-of-arms.gov.uk |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs |access-date=14 January 2022 |publisher=The College of Arms}}</ref> Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2007 |title=Welsh dragon call for Union flag |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The [[national anthem]] of the United Kingdom is "[[God Save the King]]", with "King" replaced with "Queen" in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a woman.

[[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the United Kingdom, originating from [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britannia on British Coins |url=http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html |access-date=25 June 2006 |publisher=Chard}}</ref> Beside [[The Lion and the Unicorn]] and the [[Welsh Dragon|dragon]] of heraldry, the [[bulldog]] is an iconic animal and commonly represented with the Union Flag.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Steve |title=Picturing the Beast |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-252-07030-3 |page=52}}</ref> A now rare personification is a character originating in the 18th century, [[John Bull]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Who is John Bull |url=https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

[[National symbols of England|England]], [[National symbols of Wales|Wales]], and [[National symbols of Scotland|Scotland]] each have a number of their own national symbols, including their national flags. [[National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] also has a number of symbols, many of which are shared with [[Republic of Ireland]].

== See also ==
* [[Outline of the United Kingdom]]
** [[Outline of England]]
** [[Outline of Northern Ireland]]
** [[Outline of Scotland]]
** [[Outline of Wales]]
* [[Index of United Kingdom-related articles]]
* [[International rankings of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historiography of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|n=Category:United Kingdom|voy=United Kingdom|d=Q145}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389 United Kingdom] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ United Kingdom]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406224510/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/british.htm United Kingdom] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 6 April 2009)
* {{Curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom United Kingdom]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.
* {{Wikiatlas|United Kingdom}}
* {{OSM relation|62149}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GB Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [http://www.gov.uk/ Official website of HM Government]
* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Monarchy]
* [http://www.number10.gov.uk/ Official website of the British Prime Minister's Office]

=== Travel ===
* [http://www.visitbritain.com/en/EN/ Official tourist guide to Britain]


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<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}}|border: none; background-color: inherit;}} {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}}{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}}{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}}|color: {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}}|#006400|{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}}|#8B0000|inherit}}}};}} {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}">|{{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}=}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Tick

2024-04-09T06:03:37Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

[[{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#switch:{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>lc:{{{color|{{{colour|}}}}}} }}
|green |grn |gn =File:Yes check.svg
|lightgreen |lgreen |lgrn |lgn =File:Light green check.svg
|red |rd |r =File:Red check.svg
|darkred |dkred |drd |dr =File:Check-188-25-49-red.svg
|pink |pnk |pk =File:Pink check.svg
|orange |or |o =File:Check.svg
|yellow |yel |y =File:Yellow check.svg
|black |blk |k =File:Black check.svg
|blue |blu |u =File:Check-blue.svg
|lightblue |lblue |lblu |lb =File:Cornflower blue check.svg
|cyan |cy |c =File:B-check.svg
|purple |pur |pu =File:Purple check.svg
|grey |gray |gry |gy =File:SemiTransBlack v.svg
|brown |brn |bn =File:Brown check.svg
 |File:Yes check.svg
}}|{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{1|}}}|{{Str number/trim|{{{1}}}}}|20}}px|link=|alt={{#if:{{{alt|}}}|{{{alt}}}|check}}]]Y<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Str number/trim

2024-04-09T06:03:37Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1}}}|^%d*|ignore_errors=true}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:Terminate sentence

2024-04-09T05:49:39Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{{1}}}{{#if:{{#invoke:text|sentenceTerminated|{{{1|}}}}}||{{{2|.}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Module:Text

2024-04-09T05:49:38Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

local yesNo = require("Module:Yesno")
local Text = { serial = "2022-07-21",
suite = "Text" }
--[=[
Text utilities
]=]

-- local globals
local PatternCJK = false
local PatternCombined = false
local PatternLatin = false
local PatternTerminated = false
local QuoteLang = false
local QuoteType = false
local RangesLatin = false
local SeekQuote = false

local function initLatinData()
if not RangesLatin then
RangesLatin = { { 7, 687 },
{ 7531, 7578 },
{ 7680, 7935 },
{ 8194, 8250 } }
end
if not PatternLatin then
local range
PatternLatin = "^["
for i = 1, #RangesLatin do
range = RangesLatin[ i ]
PatternLatin = PatternLatin ..
mw.ustring.char( range[ 1 ], 45, range[ 2 ] )
end -- for i
PatternLatin = PatternLatin .. "]*$"
end
end

local function initQuoteData()
-- Create quote definitions
if not QuoteLang then
QuoteLang =
{ af = "bd",
ar = "la",
be = "labd",
bg = "bd",
ca = "la",
cs = "bd",
da = "bd",
de = "bd",
dsb = "bd",
et = "bd",
el = "lald",
en = "ld",
es = "la",
eu = "la",
-- fa = "la",
fi = "rd",
fr = "laSPC",
ga = "ld",
he = "ldla",
hr = "bd",
hsb = "bd",
hu = "bd",
hy = "labd",
id = "rd",
is = "bd",
it = "ld",
ja = "x300C",
ka = "bd",
ko = "ld",
lt = "bd",
lv = "bd",
nl = "ld",
nn = "la",
no = "la",
pl = "bdla",
pt = "lald",
ro = "bdla",
ru = "labd",
sk = "bd",
sl = "bd",
sq = "la",
sr = "bx",
sv = "rd",
th = "ld",
tr = "ld",
uk = "la",
zh = "ld",
["de-ch"] = "la",
["en-gb"] = "lsld",
["en-us"] = "ld",
["fr-ch"] = "la",
["it-ch"] = "la",
["pt-br"] = "ldla",
["zh-tw"] = "x300C",
["zh-cn"] = "ld" }
end
if not QuoteType then
QuoteType =
{ bd = { { 8222, 8220 }, { 8218, 8217 } },
bdla = { { 8222, 8220 }, { 171, 187 } },
bx = { { 8222, 8221 }, { 8218, 8217 } },
la = { { 171, 187 }, { 8249, 8250 } },
laSPC = { { 171, 187 }, { 8249, 8250 }, true },
labd = { { 171, 187 }, { 8222, 8220 } },
lald = { { 171, 187 }, { 8220, 8221 } },
ld = { { 8220, 8221 }, { 8216, 8217 } },
ldla = { { 8220, 8221 }, { 171, 187 } },
lsld = { { 8216, 8217 }, { 8220, 8221 } },
rd = { { 8221, 8221 }, { 8217, 8217 } },
x300C = { { 0x300C, 0x300D },
{ 0x300E, 0x300F } } }
end
end -- initQuoteData()

local function fiatQuote( apply, alien, advance )
-- Quote text
-- Parameter:
-- apply -- string, with text
-- alien -- string, with language code
-- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2
local r = apply and tostring(apply) or ""
alien = alien or "en"
advance = tonumber(advance) or 0
local suite
initQuoteData()
local slang = alien:match( "^(%l+)-" )
suite = QuoteLang[alien] or slang and QuoteLang[slang] or QuoteLang["en"]
if suite then
local quotes = QuoteType[ suite ]
if quotes then
local space
if quotes[ 3 ] then
space = " "
else
space = ""
end
quotes = quotes[ advance ]
if quotes then
r = mw.ustring.format( "%s%s%s%s%s",
mw.ustring.char( quotes[ 1 ] ),
space,
apply,
space,
mw.ustring.char( quotes[ 2 ] ) )
end
else
mw.log( "fiatQuote() " .. suite )
end
end
return r
end -- fiatQuote()

Text.char = function ( apply, again, accept )
-- Create string from codepoints
-- Parameter:
-- apply -- table (sequence) with numerical codepoints, or nil
-- again -- number of repetitions, or nil
-- accept -- true, if no error messages to be appended
-- Returns: string
local r = ""
apply = type(apply) == "table" and apply or {}
again = math.floor(tonumber(again) or 1)
if again < 1 then
return ""
end
local bad = { }
local codes = { }
for _, v in ipairs( apply ) do
local n = tonumber(v)
if not n or (n < 32 and n ~= 9 and n ~= 10) then
table.insert(bad, tostring(v))
else
table.insert(codes, math.floor(n))
end
end
if #bad > 0 then
if not accept then
r = tostring( mw.html.create( "span" )
:addClass( "error" )
:wikitext( "bad codepoints: " .. table.concat( bad, " " )) )
end
return r
end
if #codes > 0 then
r = mw.ustring.char( unpack( codes ) )
if again > 1 then
r = r:rep(again)
end
end
return r
end -- Text.char()

local function trimAndFormat(args, fmt)
local result = {}
if type(args) ~= 'table' then
args = {args}
end
for _, v in ipairs(args) do
v = mw.text.trim(tostring(v))
if v ~= "" then
table.insert(result,fmt and mw.ustring.format(fmt, v) or v)
end
end
return result
end

Text.concatParams = function ( args, apply, adapt )
-- Concat list items into one string
-- Parameter:
-- args -- table (sequence) with numKey=string
-- apply -- string (optional); separator (default: "|")
-- adapt -- string (optional); format including "%s"
-- Returns: string
local collect = { }
return table.concat(trimAndFormat(args,adapt), apply or "|")
end -- Text.concatParams()

Text.containsCJK = function ( s )
-- Is any CJK code within?
-- Parameter:
-- s -- string
-- Returns: true, if CJK detected
s = s and tostring(s) or ""
if not patternCJK then
patternCJK = mw.ustring.char( 91,
4352, 45, 4607,
11904, 45, 42191,
43072, 45, 43135,
44032, 45, 55215,
63744, 45, 64255,
65072, 45, 65103,
65381, 45, 65500,
131072, 45, 196607,
93 )
end
return mw.ustring.find( s, patternCJK ) ~= nil
end -- Text.containsCJK()

Text.removeDelimited = function (s, prefix, suffix)
-- Remove all text in s delimited by prefix and suffix (inclusive)
-- Arguments:
-- s = string to process
-- prefix = initial delimiter
-- suffix = ending delimiter
-- Returns: stripped string
s = s and tostring(s) or ""
prefix = prefix and tostring(prefix) or ""
suffix = suffix and tostring(suffix) or ""
local prefixLen = mw.ustring.len(prefix)
local suffixLen = mw.ustring.len(suffix)
if prefixLen == 0 or suffixLen == 0 then
return s
end
local i = s:find(prefix, 1, true)
local r = s
local j
while i do
j = r:find(suffix, i + prefixLen)
if j then
r = r:sub(1, i - 1)..r:sub(j+suffixLen)
else
r = r:sub(1, i - 1)
end
i = r:find(prefix, 1, true)
end
return r
end

Text.getPlain = function ( adjust )
-- Remove wikisyntax from string, except templates
-- Parameter:
-- adjust -- string
-- Returns: string
local r = Text.removeDelimited(adjust,"")
r = r:gsub( "(</?%l[^>]*>)", "" )
:gsub( "'''", "" )
:gsub( "''", "" )
:gsub( " ", " " )
return r
end -- Text.getPlain()

Text.isLatinRange = function (s)
-- Are characters expected to be latin or symbols within latin texts?
-- Arguments:
-- s = string to analyze
-- Returns: true, if valid for latin only
s = s and tostring(s) or "" --- ensure input is always string
initLatinData()
return mw.ustring.match(s, PatternLatin) ~= nil
end -- Text.isLatinRange()

Text.isQuote = function ( s )
-- Is this character any quotation mark?
-- Parameter:
-- s = single character to analyze
-- Returns: true, if s is quotation mark
s = s and tostring(s) or ""
if s == "" then
return false
end
if not SeekQuote then
SeekQuote = mw.ustring.char( 34, -- "
39, -- '
171, -- laquo
187, -- raquo
8216, -- lsquo
8217, -- rsquo
8218, -- sbquo
8220, -- ldquo
8221, -- rdquo
8222, -- bdquo
8249, -- lsaquo
8250, -- rsaquo
0x300C, -- CJK
0x300D, -- CJK
0x300E, -- CJK
0x300F ) -- CJK
end
return mw.ustring.find( SeekQuote, s, 1, true ) ~= nil
end -- Text.isQuote()

Text.listToText = function ( args, adapt )
-- Format list items similar to mw.text.listToText()
-- Parameter:
-- args -- table (sequence) with numKey=string
-- adapt -- string (optional); format including "%s"
-- Returns: string
return mw.text.listToText(trimAndFormat(args, adapt))
end -- Text.listToText()

Text.quote = function ( apply, alien, advance )
-- Quote text
-- Parameter:
-- apply -- string, with text
-- alien -- string, with language code, or nil
-- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2, or nil
-- Returns: quoted string
apply = apply and tostring(apply) or ""
local mode, slang
if type( alien ) == "string" then
slang = mw.text.trim( alien ):lower()
else
slang = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().pageLanguage
if not slang then
-- TODO FIXME: Introduction expected 2017-04
slang = mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode()
end
end
if advance == 2 then
mode = 2
else
mode = 1
end
return fiatQuote( mw.text.trim( apply ), slang, mode )
end -- Text.quote()

Text.quoteUnquoted = function ( apply, alien, advance )
-- Quote text, if not yet quoted and not empty
-- Parameter:
-- apply -- string, with text
-- alien -- string, with language code, or nil
-- advance -- number, with level 1 or 2, or nil
-- Returns: string; possibly quoted
local r = mw.text.trim( apply and tostring(apply) or "" )
local s = mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, 1 )
if s ~= "" and not Text.isQuote( s, advance ) then
s = mw.ustring.sub( r, -1, 1 )
if not Text.isQuote( s ) then
r = Text.quote( r, alien, advance )
end
end
return r
end -- Text.quoteUnquoted()

Text.removeDiacritics = function ( adjust )
-- Remove all diacritics
-- Parameter:
-- adjust -- string
-- Returns: string; all latin letters should be ASCII
-- or basic greek or cyrillic or symbols etc.
local cleanup, decomposed
if not PatternCombined then
PatternCombined = mw.ustring.char( 91,
0x0300, 45, 0x036F,
0x1AB0, 45, 0x1AFF,
0x1DC0, 45, 0x1DFF,
0xFE20, 45, 0xFE2F,
93 )
end
decomposed = mw.ustring.toNFD( adjust and tostring(adjust) or "" )
cleanup = mw.ustring.gsub( decomposed, PatternCombined, "" )
return mw.ustring.toNFC( cleanup )
end -- Text.removeDiacritics()

Text.sentenceTerminated = function ( analyse )
-- Is string terminated by dot, question or exclamation mark?
-- Quotation, link termination and so on granted
-- Parameter:
-- analyse -- string
-- Returns: true, if sentence terminated
local r
if not PatternTerminated then
PatternTerminated = mw.ustring.char( 91,
12290,
65281,
65294,
65311 )
.. "!%.%?…][\"'%]‹›«»‘’“”]*$"
end
if mw.ustring.find( analyse, PatternTerminated ) then
r = true
else
r = false
end
return r
end -- Text.sentenceTerminated()

Text.ucfirstAll = function ( adjust)
-- Capitalize all words
-- Arguments:
-- adjust = string to adjust
-- Returns: string with all first letters in upper case
adjust = adjust and tostring(adjust) or ""
local r = mw.text.decode(adjust,true)
local i = 1
local c, j, m
m = (r ~= adjust)
r = " "..r
while i do
i = mw.ustring.find( r, "%W%l", i )
if i then
j = i + 1
c = mw.ustring.upper( mw.ustring.sub( r, j, j ) )
r = string.format( "%s%s%s",
mw.ustring.sub( r, 1, i ),
c,
mw.ustring.sub( r, i + 2 ) )
i = j
end
end -- while i
r = r:sub( 2 )
if m then
r = mw.text.encode(r)
end
return r
end -- Text.ucfirstAll()

Text.uprightNonlatin = function ( adjust )
-- Ensure non-italics for non-latin text parts
-- One single greek letter might be granted
-- Precondition:
-- adjust -- string
-- Returns: string with non-latin parts enclosed in 
local r
initLatinData()
if mw.ustring.match( adjust, PatternLatin ) then
-- latin only, horizontal dashes, quotes
r = adjust
else
local c
local j = false
local k = 1
local m = false
local n = mw.ustring.len( adjust )
local span = "%s%s%s"
local flat = function ( a )
-- isLatin
local range
for i = 1, #RangesLatin do
range = RangesLatin[ i ]
if a >= range[ 1 ] and a <= range[ 2 ] then
return true
end
end -- for i
end -- flat()
local focus = function ( a )
-- char is not ambivalent
local r = ( a > 64 )
if r then
r = ( a < 8192 or a > 8212 )
else
r = ( a == 38 or a == 60 ) -- '&' '<'
end
return r
end -- focus()
local form = function ( a )
return string.format( span,
r,
mw.ustring.sub( adjust, k, j - 1 ),
mw.ustring.sub( adjust, j, a ) )
end -- form()
r = ""
for i = 1, n do
c = mw.ustring.codepoint( adjust, i, i )
if focus( c ) then
if flat( c ) then
if j then
if m then
if i == m then
-- single greek letter.
j = false
end
m = false
end
if j then
local nx = i - 1
local s = ""
for ix = nx, 1, -1 do
c = mw.ustring.sub( adjust, ix, ix )
if c == " " or c == "(" then
nx = nx - 1
s = c .. s
else
break -- for ix
end
end -- for ix
r = form( nx ) .. s
j = false
k = i
end
end
elseif not j then
j = i
if c >= 880 and c <= 1023 then
-- single greek letter?
m = i + 1
else
m = false
end
end
elseif m then
m = m + 1
end
end -- for i
if j and ( not m or m < n ) then
r = form( n )
else
r = r .. mw.ustring.sub( adjust, k )
end
end
return r
end -- Text.uprightNonlatin()

Text.test = function ( about )
local r
if about == "quote" then
initQuoteData()
r = { }
r.QuoteLang = QuoteLang
r.QuoteType = QuoteType
end
return r
end -- Text.test()

-- Export
local p = { }

for _, func in ipairs({'containsCJK','isLatinRange','isQuote','sentenceTerminated'}) do
p[func] = function (frame)
return Text[func]( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" ) and "1" or ""
end
end

for _, func in ipairs({'getPlain','removeDiacritics','ucfirstAll','uprightNonlatin'}) do
p[func] = function (frame)
return Text[func]( frame.args[ 1 ] or "" )
end
end

function p.char( frame )
local params = frame:getParent().args
local story = params[ 1 ]
local codes, lenient, multiple
if not story then
params = frame.args
story = params[ 1 ]
end
if story then
local items = mw.text.split( mw.text.trim(story), "%s+" )
if #items > 0 then
local j
lenient = (yesNo(params.errors) == false)
codes = { }
multiple = tonumber( params[ "*" ] )
for _, v in ipairs( items ) do
j = tonumber((v:sub( 1, 1 ) == "x" and "0" or "") .. v)
table.insert( codes, j or v )
end
end
end
return Text.char( codes, multiple, lenient )
end

function p.concatParams( frame )
local args
local template = frame.args.template
if type( template ) == "string" then
template = mw.text.trim( template )
template = ( template == "1" )
end
if template then
args = frame:getParent().args
else
args = frame.args
end
return Text.concatParams( args,
frame.args.separator,
frame.args.format )
end

function p.listToFormat(frame)
local lists = {}
local pformat = frame.args["format"]
local sep = frame.args["sep"] or ";"

-- Parameter parsen: Listen
for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do
local knum = tonumber(k)
if knum then lists[knum] = v end
end

-- Listen splitten
local maxListLen = 0
for i = 1, #lists do
lists[i] = mw.text.split(lists[i], sep)
if #lists[i] > maxListLen then maxListLen = #lists[i] end
end

-- Ergebnisstring generieren
local result = ""
local result_line = ""
for i = 1, maxListLen do
result_line = pformat
for j = 1, #lists do
result_line = mw.ustring.gsub(result_line, "%%s", lists[j][i], 1)
end
result = result .. result_line
end

return result
end

function p.listToText( frame )
local args
local template = frame.args.template
if type( template ) == "string" then
template = mw.text.trim( template )
template = ( template == "1" )
end
if template then
args = frame:getParent().args
else
args = frame.args
end
return Text.listToText( args, frame.args.format )
end

function p.quote( frame )
local slang = frame.args[2]
if type( slang ) == "string" then
slang = mw.text.trim( slang )
if slang == "" then
slang = false
end
end
return Text.quote( frame.args[ 1 ] or "",
slang,
tonumber( frame.args[3] ) )
end

function p.quoteUnquoted( frame )
local slang = frame.args[2]
if type( slang ) == "string" then
slang = mw.text.trim( slang )
if slang == "" then
slang = false
end
end
return Text.quoteUnquoted( frame.args[ 1 ] or "",
slang,
tonumber( frame.args[3] ) )
end

function p.zip(frame)
local lists = {}
local seps = {}
local defaultsep = frame.args["sep"] or ""
local innersep = frame.args["isep"] or ""
local outersep = frame.args["osep"] or ""

-- Parameter parsen
for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do
local knum = tonumber(k)
if knum then lists[knum] = v else
if string.sub(k, 1, 3) == "sep" then
local sepnum = tonumber(string.sub(k, 4))
if sepnum then seps[sepnum] = v end
end
end
end
-- sofern keine expliziten Separatoren angegeben sind, den Standardseparator verwenden
for i = 1, math.max(#seps, #lists) do
if not seps[i] then seps[i] = defaultsep end
end

-- Listen splitten
local maxListLen = 0
for i = 1, #lists do
lists[i] = mw.text.split(lists[i], seps[i])
if #lists[i] > maxListLen then maxListLen = #lists[i] end
end

local result = ""
for i = 1, maxListLen do
if i ~= 1 then result = result .. outersep end
for j = 1, #lists do
if j ~= 1 then result = result .. innersep end
result = result .. (lists[j][i] or "")
end
end
return result
end

function p.failsafe()
return Text.serial
end

p.Text = function ()
return Text
end -- p.Text

return p

Template:Strong

2024-04-09T05:49:38Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{{1}}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Mbox

2024-04-09T05:49:38Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{#invoke:Message box|mbox}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Module:Pagetype/softredirect

2024-04-09T05:49:38Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

-- This page contains a table of all soft redirect templates and their
-- redirects. Templates names are capitalized, and the Template: prefix is
-- removed. Templates are grouped with the main template first, followed by
-- its redirects.

return {
["Soft redirect"] = true,
["Interwiki redirect"] = true,
["SoftRedirect"] = true,
["Soft Redirect"] = true,
["Softredirect"] = true,
["Softredir"] = true,
["Soft link"] = true,
["Soft redir"] = true,
["Soft"] = true,
["Plain soft redirect"] = true,
["Softr"] = true,
["Wiktionary redirect"] = true,
["Moved to Wiktionary"] = true,
["RedirecttoWiktionary"] = true,
["Wi"] = true,
["Wiktionary Redirect"] = true,
["Wtr"] = true,
["Wtsr"] = true,
["Wiktionaryredirect"] = true,
["WiktionaryRedirect"] = true,
["Wiktionary-redirect"] = true,
["Wiktredir"] = true,
["Wiktr"] = true,
["Wikt redirect"] = true,
["Wikt red"] = true,
["Wiktred"] = true,
["Wikibooks redirect"] = true,
["WBOOK"] = true,
["Wbook"] = true,
["Wikibooks Redirect"] = true,
["WikibooksRedirect"] = true,
["Wikibooksredirect"] = true,
["Wikibook redirect"] = true,
["Wikiquote redirect"] = true,
["Wq"] = true,
["Wikisource redirect"] = true,
["Wikispecies redirect"] = true,
["WSPEC"] = true,
["Wspec"] = true,
["Wikispecies Redirect"] = true,
["WikispeciesRedirect"] = true,
["Wikispeciesredirect"] = true,
["Wikivoyage redirect"] = true,
["Wikimedia Commons redirect"] = true,
["COMM"] = true,
["Commons redirect"] = true,
["Comm"] = true,
["Commonsredirect"] = true,
["Commons Redirect"] = true,
["CommonsRedirect"] = true,
["Wikimedia commons redirect"] = true,
["Soft redirect with Wikidata item"] = true,
["Wikidata-redirect"] = true,
["Wdr"] = true,
["Wikidata redirect"] = true
}

Module:Wikitext Parsing

2024-04-09T05:49:38Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

require("strict")

--Helper functions
local function startswith(text, subtext)
return string.sub(text, 1, #subtext) == subtext
end
local function endswith(text, subtext)
return string.sub(text, -#subtext, -1) == subtext
end
local function allcases(s)
return s:gsub("%a", function(c)
return "["..c:upper()..c:lower().."]"
end)
end
local trimcache = {}
local whitespace = {[" "]=1, ["\n"]=1, ["\t"]=1, ["\r"]=1}
local function cheaptrim(str) --mw.text.trim is surprisingly expensive, so here's an alternative approach
local quick = trimcache[str]
if quick then
return quick
else
-- local out = string.gsub(str, "^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1")
local lowEnd
for i = 1,#str do
if not whitespace[string.sub(str, i, i)] then
lowEnd = i
break
end
end
if not lowEnd then
trimcache[str] = ""
return ""
end
for i = #str,1,-1 do
if not whitespace[string.sub(str, i, i)] then
local out = string.sub(str, lowEnd, i)
trimcache[str] = out
return out
end
end
end
end

--[=[ Implementation notes
---- NORMAL HTML TAGS ----
Tags are very strict on how they want to start, but loose on how they end.
The start must strictly follow <[tAgNaMe](%s|>) with no room for whitespace in
the tag's name, but may then flow as they want afterwards, making
<div\nclass\n=\n"\nerror\n"\n> valid

There's no sense of escaping < or >
E.g.
<div class="error\>"> will end at \> despite it being inside a quote
<div class="error"> will not process the larger div

If a tag has no end, it will consume all text instead of not processing

---- NOPROCESSING TAGS (nowiki, pre, syntaxhighlight, source, etc.) ----
(In most comments, <source> will not be mentioned. This is because it is the
deprecated version of <syntaxhighlight>)

No-Processing tags have some interesting differences to the above rules.
For example, their syntax is a lot stricter. While an opening tag appears to
follow the same set of rules, A closing tag can't have any sort of extra
formatting period. While </div a/a> is valid, </nowiki a/a> isn't - only
newlines and spaces/tabs are allowed in closing tags.
Note that, even though <pre> tags cause a visual change when the ending tag has
extra formatting, it won't cause the no-processing effects. For some reason, the
format must be strict for that to apply.

Both the content inside the tag pair and the content inside each side of the
pair is not processed. E.g. <nowiki |}}>|}}</nowiki> would have both of the |}}
escaped in practice.

When something in the code is referenced to as a "Nowiki Tag", it means a tag
which causes wiki text to not be processed, which includes <nowiki>, <pre>,
and <syntaxhighlight>

Since we only care about these tags, we can ignore the idea of an intercepting
tag preventing processing, and just go straight for the first ending we can find
If there is no ending to find, the tag will NOT consume the rest of the text in
terms of processing behaviour (though <pre> will appear to have an effect).
Even if there is no end of the tag, the content inside the opening half will
still be unprocessed, meaning {{X20|<nowiki }}>}} wouldn't end at the first }}
despite there being no ending to the tag.

Note that there are some tags, like <math>, which also function like <nowiki>
which are included in this aswell. Some other tags, like <ref>, have far too
unpredictable behaviour to be handled currently (they'd have to be split and
processed as something seperate - its complicated, but maybe not impossible.)
I suspect that every tag listed in [[Special:Version]] may behave somewhat like
this, but that's far too many cases worth checking for rarely used tags that may
not even have a good reason to contain {{ or }} anyways, so we leave them alone.

---- HTML COMMENTS AND INCLUDEONLY ----
HTML Comments are about as basic as it could get for this
Start at , no extra conditions. Simple enough
If a comment has no end, it will eat all text instead of not being processed

includeonly tags function mostly like a regular nowiki tag, with the exception
that the tag will actually consume all future text if not given an ending as
opposed to simply giving up and not changing anything. Due to complications and
the fact that this is far less likely to be present on a page, aswell as being
something that may not want to be escaped, includeonly tags are ignored during
our processing
--]=]
local validtags = {nowiki=1, pre=1, syntaxhighlight=1, source=1, math=1}
--This function expects the string to start with the tag
local function TestForNowikiTag(text, scanPosition)
local tagName = (string.match(text, "^<([^\n />]+)", scanPosition) or ""):lower()
if not validtags[tagName] then
return nil
end
local nextOpener = string.find(text, "<", scanPosition+1) or -1
local nextCloser = string.find(text, ">", scanPosition+1) or -1
if nextCloser > -1 and (nextOpener == -1 or nextCloser < nextOpener) then
local startingTag = string.sub(text, scanPosition, nextCloser)
--We have our starting tag (E.g. '<pre style="color:red">')
--Now find our ending...
if endswith(startingTag, "/>") then --self-closing tag (we are our own ending)
return {
Tag = tagName,
Start = startingTag,
Content = "", End = "",
Length = #startingTag
}

else
local endingTagStart, endingTagEnd = string.find(text, "</"..allcases(tagName).."[ \t\n]*>", scanPosition)
if endingTagStart then --Regular tag formation
local endingTag = string.sub(text, endingTagStart, endingTagEnd)
local tagContent = string.sub(text, nextCloser+1, endingTagStart-1)
return {
Tag = tagName,
Start = startingTag,
Content = tagContent,
End = endingTag,
Length = #startingTag + #tagContent + #endingTag
}

else --Content inside still needs escaping (also linter error!)
return {
Tag = tagName,
Start = startingTag,
Content = "", End = "",
Length = #startingTag
}
end
end
end
return nil
end
local function TestForComment(text, scanPosition) --Like TestForNowikiTag but for 
if string.match(text, "^<!%-%-", scanPosition) then
local commentEnd = string.find(text, "-->", scanPosition+4, true)
if commentEnd then
return {
Start = "",
Content = string.sub(text, scanPosition+4, commentEnd-1),
Length = commentEnd-scanPosition+3
}
else --Consumes all text if not given an ending
return {
Start = "Should see|Shouldn't see}}]=]
local out = p.PrepareText(s)
mw.logObject(out)

local s = [=[BA]=]
local out = p.TestForComment(s, 2)
mw.logObject(out); mw.log(string.sub(s, 2, out.Length))

local a = p.ParseTemplates([=[
{{User:Aidan9382/templates/dummy
|A|B|C {{{A|B}}} { } } {
|<nowiki>D</nowiki>
|<pre>E
|F</pre>
|G|=|a=|A = [[{{PAGENAME}}|A=B]]{{Text|1==<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}}|A B=Success}}
]=])
mw.logObject(a)

]==]

Template:Hlist/styles.css

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

/* {{pp-protected|reason=match parent|small=yes}} */
/*
* hlist styles are defined in core and Minerva and differ in Minerva. The
* current definitions here (2023-01-01) are sufficient to override Minerva
* without use of the hlist-separated class. The most problematic styles were
* related to margin, padding, and the bullet. Check files listed at
* [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#hlist-separated]]
*/
/*
* TODO: When the majority of readership supports it (or some beautiful world
* in which grade C support is above the minimum threshold), use :is()
*/
.hlist dl,
.hlist ol,
.hlist ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}

/* Display list items inline */
.hlist dd,
.hlist dt,
.hlist li {
/*
* don't trust the note that says margin doesn't work with inline
* removing margin: 0 makes dds have margins again
* We also want to reset margin-right in Minerva
*/
margin: 0;
display: inline;
}

/* Display requested top-level lists inline */
.hlist.inline,
.hlist.inline dl,
.hlist.inline ol,
.hlist.inline ul,
/* Display nested lists inline */
.hlist dl dl,
.hlist dl ol,
.hlist dl ul,
.hlist ol dl,
.hlist ol ol,
.hlist ol ul,
.hlist ul dl,
.hlist ul ol,
.hlist ul ul {
display: inline;
}

/* Hide empty list items */
.hlist .mw-empty-li {
display: none;
}

/* TODO: :not() can maybe be used here to remove the later rule. naive test
* seems to work. more testing needed. like so:
*.hlist dt:not(:last-child)::after {
* content: ": ";
*}
*.hlist dd:not(:last-child)::after,
*.hlist li:not(:last-child)::after {
* content: " · ";
* font-weight: bold;
*}
*/
/* Generate interpuncts */
.hlist dt::after {
content: ": ";
}

.hlist dd::after,
.hlist li::after {
content: " · ";
font-weight: bold;
}

.hlist dd:last-child::after,
.hlist dt:last-child::after,
.hlist li:last-child::after {
content: none;
}

/* Add parentheses around nested lists */
.hlist dd dd:first-child::before,
.hlist dd dt:first-child::before,
.hlist dd li:first-child::before,
.hlist dt dd:first-child::before,
.hlist dt dt:first-child::before,
.hlist dt li:first-child::before,
.hlist li dd:first-child::before,
.hlist li dt:first-child::before,
.hlist li li:first-child::before {
content: " (";
font-weight: normal;
}

.hlist dd dd:last-child::after,
.hlist dd dt:last-child::after,
.hlist dd li:last-child::after,
.hlist dt dd:last-child::after,
.hlist dt dt:last-child::after,
.hlist dt li:last-child::after,
.hlist li dd:last-child::after,
.hlist li dt:last-child::after,
.hlist li li:last-child::after {
content: ")";
font-weight: normal;
}

/* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */
.hlist ol {
counter-reset: listitem;
}

.hlist ol > li {
counter-increment: listitem;
}

.hlist ol > li::before {
content: " " counter(listitem) "\a0";
}

.hlist dd ol > li:first-child::before,
.hlist dt ol > li:first-child::before,
.hlist li ol > li:first-child::before {
content: " (" counter(listitem) "\a0";
}

Template:Plainlist/styles.css

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

/* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */
.plainlist ol,
.plainlist ul {
line-height: inherit;
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0; /* Reset Minerva default */
}

.plainlist ol li,
.plainlist ul li {
margin-bottom: 0;
}

Template:Service record/doc

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Template:Infobox service record/doc]]

Template:Infobox service record/doc

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{{#ifeq:{{{noheader|}}}|yes||{{Documentation subpage}}
==Usage==
}}
==== Infobox service record ====

{{Infobox service record
| label = Combat service
| partof = [[7. Unterseebootsflottille]] (1938–41)
| codes = M 18 837 (''feldpost'')
| commanders = [[Günther Prien]] (1938–41)
| operations = 10 patrols
| victories = 30 ships (162,769 [[Tonnage|GRT]]) sunk, 1 warship (29,150 tons) sunk, 8 ships (62,751 GRT) damaged
| awards =
}}

A service record box may be used to summarize information about an individual military unit's or ship's service history; it should generally be used in conjunction with the appropriate [[WP:MILMOS#Primary infoboxes|primary infobox]]. If needed, multiple boxes may be used to separate the service record for different periods; for example, a unit that fought in several wars may have separate boxes for each.

The box should be added using the {{tlx|Infobox service record}} template, as shown below:

<div style="width:350px;background:#dddddd;border: 1px solid black;"><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; margin:0.5em">
{{Infobox service record
| is_ship =
| is_multi =
| label =
| partof =
| codes =
| commanders =
| operations =
| victories =
| awards =
}}
</syntaxhighlight></div>

'''Note''': When using parameters, avoid the ambiguous abbreviation "N/A", and instead use "unknown" or "none". All subjective or qualitative judgements and numerical quantities or statistics must be cited to a reliable source (see [[WP:MILMOS#CITE]]).

* '''is_ship''' – ''optional'' – "''yes''" if the box is being used inside a compound ship infobox.
* '''is_multi''' – ''optional'' – "''yes''" if multiple instances of the box are being used inside a single compound ship infobox.
* '''label''' – ''optional'' – the label to use for the box; this defaults to "Service record" if left blank.
* '''partof''' – ''optional'' – the unit or formation of which the subject unit or ship was a part; multiple units may be listed with the corresponding dates.
* '''codes''' – ''optional'' – the identification codes carried by the unit or ship; these should generally be labeled according to what the code indicates.
* '''commanders''' – ''optional'' – the notable commanding officers for the period covered.
* '''operations''' – ''optional'' – the operations (such as battles, wars, campaigns, patrols, cruises, etc.) in which the subject unit or ship participated; these may be given as a list, or described in a more condensed form.
* '''victories''' – ''optional'' – the victories or successes in the subject's service history. For units, this may be battles won; for submarines or merchant raiders, the ships and tonnage sunk; and so forth.
* '''awards''' – ''optional'' – the awards, decorations, or other honors received by the subject unit or ship. <noinclude>[[Category:WikiProject Military history template instructions|Service record box]]</noinclude>

<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||
{{#ifeq:{{{noheader|}}}|yes||
[[Category:Military auxiliary infobox templates|Service Record]]

}}}}</includeonly>

Template:Infobox command structure/doc

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters}}
{{#ifeq:{{{noheader|}}}|yes||{{Documentation subpage}}
==Usage==
}}
==== Command structure box ====
{{Infobox command structure
| bodyclass = plainlist
| name = 12th Infantry Division
| date = 1941–1943
| parent = [[XVII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVII Corps]]
| subordinate =
* 17th Mechanized Regiment
* 51st Light Infantry Regiment
* 53rd Infantry Regiment
* 107th Artillery Brigade
}}

A command structure box may be used to summarize information about an individual military unit's parent and subordinate units; it should generally be used in conjunction with {{tlx|Infobox military unit}}. If needed, multiple boxes may be used to show the unit's command structure during different periods.

The box should be added using the {{tlx|Infobox command structure}} template, as shown below:

<div style="width:350px;background:#dddddd;border: 1px solid black;"><syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; margin:0.5em">
{{Infobox command structure
| name =
| date =
| parent =
| subordinate =
}}
</syntaxhighlight></div>

'''Note''': When using parameters, avoid the ambiguous abbreviation "N/A", and instead use "unknown" or "none". All subjective or qualitative judgements and numerical quantities or statistics must be cited to a reliable source (see [[WP:MILMOS#CITE]]).

* '''name''' – the name of the unit or formation.
* '''date''' – ''optional'' – the dates during which the given structure was in place.
* '''parent''' – ''optional'' – the unit's parent unit.
* '''subordinate''' – ''optional'' – the unit's subordinate units. <noinclude>[[Category:WikiProject Military history template instructions|Command structure box]]</noinclude>

<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||
{{#ifeq:{{{noheader|}}}|yes||
[[Category:Military auxiliary infobox templates|Command structure]]
}}}}</includeonly>

Template:Command structure/doc

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

#REDIRECT [[Template:Infobox command structure/doc]]

Template:UF-hcard-org

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Microformat message
| format = hCard
| data = an organization's details

| subtemplates =
* Use {{#ifeq:{{yesno-yes|{{{age|}}}}}|yes|{{tl|Start date and age}}|{{tl|Start date}}}} for the date on which an organisation was "established", "founded", "opened" or otherwise started, [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/dates|unless that date is before 1583 CE]].
* Use {{tl|URL}} for an organisation's URL.

|adr |agent |category |country-name |extended-address |fn |geo |label |latitude |locality |longitude |nickname |note |org |region |street-address |url |vcard
| nocollapse = on
}}<includeonly>{{sandbox other||
[[Category:Templates generating hCards]]
}}</includeonly><noinclude>

{{Documentation |content={{Microformat message templates}}}}

[[Category:Microformat (uF) message templates]]
[[Category:Templates generating hCards| ]]
</noinclude>

Module:Message box/ombox.css

2024-04-09T05:49:35Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

/* {{pp|small=y}} */
.ombox {
margin: 4px 0;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Default "notice" gray */
background-color: #f8f9fa;
box-sizing: border-box;
}

/* For the "small=yes" option. */
.ombox.mbox-small {
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}

.ombox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background-color: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}

.ombox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}

.ombox-content {
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}

.ombox-style {
border: 1px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}

.ombox-move {
border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}

.ombox-protection {
border: 2px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

.ombox .mbox-text {
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
width: 100%;
}

.ombox .mbox-image {
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em;
text-align: center;
}

.ombox .mbox-imageright {
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0;
text-align: center;
}

/* An empty narrow cell */
.ombox .mbox-empty-cell {
border: none;
padding: 0;
width: 1px;
}

.ombox .mbox-invalid-type {
text-align: center;
}

@media (min-width: 720px) {
.ombox {
margin: 4px 10%;
}

.ombox.mbox-small {
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;
width: 238px;
}
}

Template:Auto short description

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{Ombox
| type = notice
| text = This template {{#if:{{{sometimes|}}}|sometimes{{sp}}}}adds an automatically generated '''[[Wikipedia:Short description|short description]]'''{{#if:{{{category|}}}|{{sp}}({{{category}}})|}}{{#if:{{{indirect|}}}|{{sp}}via an embedded template}}{{#if:{{{conditions|}}}|{{space}}{{{conditions}}}}}. If the automatic short description is not optimal, replace it by adding {{tl|Short description}} at the top of the article.
}}<includeonly>{{Subpage other||[[Category:Templates that generate short descriptions{{#if:{{{category|}}}|{{sp}}for {{{category}}}|}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}

</noinclude>

Module:Transclusion count/data/I

2024-04-09T05:49:35Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

return {
["IAST"] = 6700,
["IBDB_name"] = 9200,
["ICD10"] = 4900,
["ICD9"] = 4400,
["ICS"] = 3000,
["IDN"] = 3500,
["IMDb_episode"] = 10000,
["IMDb_episodes"] = 2900,
["IMDb_name"] = 157000,
["IMDb_title"] = 194000,
["IMO_Number"] = 4200,
["IMSLP"] = 8400,
["INA"] = 2200,
["IND"] = 7800,
["INR"] = 6800,
["INRConvert"] = 5900,
["INRConvert/CurrentRate"] = 5900,
["INRConvert/USD"] = 5800,
["INRConvert/out"] = 5900,
["IOBDB_name"] = 2000,
["IP"] = 2700,
["IPA"] = 146000,
["IPA-de"] = 8300,
["IPA-es"] = 7900,
["IPA-fr"] = 44000,
["IPA-it"] = 5900,
["IPA-nl"] = 3900,
["IPA-pl"] = 4100,
["IPA-pt"] = 3300,
["IPA-sl"] = 6900,
["IPA-th"] = 3000,
["IPA_audio_link"] = 3500,
["IPA_link"] = 3900,
["IPAc-cmn"] = 2400,
["IPAc-en"] = 49000,
["IPAc-pl"] = 51000,
["IPC_athlete"] = 3400,
["IPSummary"] = 78000,
["IP_summary"] = 79000,
["IPtalk"] = 18000,
["IPuser"] = 7100,
["IPvandal"] = 2800,
["IRC"] = 7200,
["IRI"] = 2300,
["IRL"] = 5500,
["IRN"] = 3700,
["ISBN"] = 464000,
["ISBN?"] = 2200,
["ISBNT"] = 40000,
["ISBN_missing"] = 2700,
["ISFDB_name"] = 4100,
["ISFDB_title"] = 4600,
["ISL"] = 2200,
["ISO_15924/script-example-character"] = 2800,
["ISO_15924/wp-article"] = 2800,
["ISO_15924/wp-article/format"] = 2800,
["ISO_15924/wp-article/label"] = 2800,
["ISO_3166_code"] = 512000,
["ISO_3166_name"] = 16000,
["ISO_639_name"] = 8400,
["ISP"] = 4700,
["ISR"] = 4900,
["ISSN"] = 12000,
["ISSN_link"] = 31000,
["ISTAT"] = 8100,
["ISU_figure_skater"] = 2500,
["ITA"] = 18000,
["ITF"] = 6400,
["ITF_profile"] = 9100,
["ITIS"] = 4800,
["ITN_talk"] = 11000,
["ITN_talk/date"] = 11000,
["IUCN_banner"] = 15000,
["I_sup"] = 4300,
["Ice_hockey"] = 5400,
["Ice_hockey_stats"] = 19000,
["Icehockeystats"] = 12000,
["Icon"] = 590000,
["If"] = 284000,
["If_all"] = 6600,
["If_between"] = 3800,
["If_both"] = 133000,
["If_empty"] = 3760000,
["If_first_display_both"] = 73000,
["If_in_page"] = 12000,
["If_last_display_both"] = 31000,
["If_preview"] = 59000,
["If_then_show"] = 315000,
["Ifempty"] = 4000,
["Ifeq"] = 17000,
["Iferror_then_show"] = 3300,
["Ifexist_not_redirect"] = 1350000,
["Ifnotempty"] = 15000,
["Ifnumber"] = 41000,
["Ifsubst"] = 472000,
["Ih"] = 7600,
["Ill"] = 133000,
["Illm"] = 6400,
["Image_frame"] = 5200,
["Image_label"] = 4500,
["Image_label_begin"] = 3900,
["Image_label_end"] = 3900,
["Image_label_small"] = 2600,
["Image_needed"] = 4900,
["Image_other"] = 271000,
["Image_requested"] = 170000,
["Image_requested/Category_helper"] = 162000,
["Imbox"] = 926000,
["Imdb_name"] = 5300,
["Imdb_title"] = 3300,
["Import_style"] = 12000,
["Import_style/inputbox.css"] = 11000,
["Importance"] = 15000,
["Importance/colour"] = 30000,
["Importance_mask"] = 10700000,
["Improve_categories"] = 7900,
["Improve_documentation"] = 2800,
["In_class"] = 5600,
["In_lang"] = 364000,
["In_progress"] = 3300,
["In_string"] = 87000,
["In_title"] = 20000,
["Inactive_userpage_blanked"] = 4900,
["Include-USGov"] = 25000,
["Incomplete_list"] = 23000,
["Inconclusive"] = 2100,
["Increase"] = 46000,
["Incumbent_pope"] = 4300,
["Indent"] = 4700,
["IndexFungorum"] = 2200,
["Indian_English"] = 4400,
["Indian_Rupee"] = 11000,
["Indian_railway_code"] = 3200,
["Inflation"] = 22000,
["Inflation-fn"] = 5500,
["Inflation-year"] = 4600,
["Inflation/IN/startyear"] = 5900,
["Inflation/UK"] = 4500,
["Inflation/UK/dataset"] = 4500,
["Inflation/UK/startyear"] = 4500,
["Inflation/US"] = 13000,
["Inflation/US-GDP"] = 2500,
["Inflation/US-GDP/dataset"] = 2500,
["Inflation/US-GDP/startyear"] = 2500,
["Inflation/US/dataset"] = 13000,
["Inflation/US/startyear"] = 13000,
["Inflation/fn"] = 6500,
["Inflation/year"] = 27000,
["Info"] = 7100,
["Infobox"] = 3270000,
["Infobox/Columns"] = 2500,
["Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"] = 149000,
["Infobox3cols"] = 17000,
["Infobox_AFL_biography"] = 14000,
["Infobox_Aircraft_Begin"] = 5200,
["Infobox_Aircraft_Type"] = 4600,
["Infobox_Athletics_Championships"] = 2800,
["Infobox_Australian_place"] = 15000,
["Infobox_CFL_biography"] = 2000,
["Infobox_COA_wide"] = 3300,
["Infobox_Canada_electoral_district"] = 2500,
["Infobox_Canadian_Football_League_biography"] = 5600,
["Infobox_Canadian_Football_League_biography/position"] = 5600,
["Infobox_Chinese"] = 21000,
["Infobox_Chinese/Chinese"] = 2800,
["Infobox_Chinese/Footer"] = 8400,
["Infobox_Chinese/Header"] = 8400,
["Infobox_Chinese/Korean"] = 17000,
["Infobox_Christian_leader"] = 18000,
["Infobox_French_commune"] = 38000,
["Infobox_GAA_player"] = 2600,
["Infobox_Gaelic_games_player"] = 5100,
["Infobox_German_location"] = 13000,
["Infobox_German_place"] = 14000,
["Infobox_Grand_Prix_race_report"] = 2100,
["Infobox_Greece_place"] = 3000,
["Infobox_Greek_Dimos"] = 2900,
["Infobox_Hindu_temple"] = 2600,
["Infobox_Indian_constituency"] = 5300,
["Infobox_Indian_constituency/defaultdata"] = 5200,
["Infobox_Italian_comune"] = 8100,
["Infobox_Korean_name"] = 15000,
["Infobox_Korean_name/categories"] = 15000,
["Infobox_NASCAR_race_report"] = 2300,
["Infobox_NCAA_team_season"] = 17000,
["Infobox_NFL_biography"] = 29000,
["Infobox_NFL_player"] = 7400,
["Infobox_NFL_team_season"] = 3900,
["Infobox_NRHP"] = 73000,
["Infobox_NRHP/conv"] = 18000,
["Infobox_NRHP/locmapin2region"] = 66000,
["Infobox_Officeholder"] = 4500,
["Infobox_Olympic_event"] = 7400,
["Infobox_Olympic_event/games_text"] = 7400,
["Infobox_Pan_American_Games_event"] = 2300,
["Infobox_Paralympic_event"] = 2600,
["Infobox_Paralympic_event/games_text"] = 2600,
["Infobox_Politician"] = 2000,
["Infobox_Romanian_subdivision"] = 3200,
["Infobox_Russian_district"] = 2000,
["Infobox_Russian_inhabited_locality"] = 4500,
["Infobox_SCOTUS_case"] = 3700,
["Infobox_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"] = 2000,
["Infobox_Swiss_town"] = 2800,
["Infobox_Switzerland_municipality"] = 2900,
["Infobox_Turkey_place"] = 19000,
["Infobox_U.S._county"] = 3000,
["Infobox_U.S._county/district"] = 3000,
["Infobox_UK_constituency"] = 2100,
["Infobox_UK_constituency/year"] = 2100,
["Infobox_UK_legislation"] = 3800,
["Infobox_UK_place"] = 26000,
["Infobox_UK_place/NoDialCode"] = 8100,
["Infobox_UK_place/NoPostCode"] = 3300,
["Infobox_UK_place/area"] = 2600,
["Infobox_UK_place/dens"] = 2200,
["Infobox_UK_place/dist"] = 2800,
["Infobox_UK_place/local"] = 26000,
["Infobox_UK_place/styles.css"] = 26000,
["Infobox_UN_resolution"] = 2300,
["Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case"] = 3900,
["Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case/courts"] = 3900,
["Infobox_Wikipedia_user"] = 10000,
["Infobox_YouTube_personality"] = 2900,
["Infobox_YouTube_personality/styles.css"] = 2900,
["Infobox_academic"] = 15000,
["Infobox_aircraft_begin"] = 14000,
["Infobox_aircraft_occurrence"] = 2400,
["Infobox_aircraft_type"] = 13000,
["Infobox_airline"] = 4600,
["Infobox_airport"] = 15000,
["Infobox_airport/datatable"] = 15000,
["Infobox_album"] = 163000,
["Infobox_album/color"] = 195000,
["Infobox_album/link"] = 164000,
["Infobox_anatomy"] = 4500,
["Infobox_ancient_site"] = 5700,
["Infobox_animanga/Footer"] = 7000,
["Infobox_animanga/Header"] = 7000,
["Infobox_animanga/Print"] = 5700,
["Infobox_animanga/Video"] = 4800,
["Infobox_architect"] = 3800,
["Infobox_artist"] = 30000,
["Infobox_artist_discography"] = 6000,
["Infobox_artwork"] = 12000,
["Infobox_athlete"] = 2800,
["Infobox_automobile"] = 8500,
["Infobox_award"] = 13000,
["Infobox_badminton_player"] = 3200,
["Infobox_baseball_biography"] = 28000,
["Infobox_baseball_biography/style"] = 28000,
["Infobox_baseball_biography/styles.css"] = 28000,
["Infobox_baseball_team_season"] = 3300,
["Infobox_baseball_team_season/leagueseason"] = 3300,
["Infobox_baseball_team_season/season"] = 3300,
["Infobox_baseball_team_season/styles.css"] = 3300,
["Infobox_basketball_biography"] = 21000,
["Infobox_basketball_biography/style"] = 21000,
["Infobox_basketball_club"] = 3100,
["Infobox_basketball_club/styles.css"] = 3100,
["Infobox_beauty_pageant"] = 2400,
["Infobox_bilateral_relations"] = 4500,
["Infobox_body_of_water"] = 18000,
["Infobox_book"] = 53000,
["Infobox_boxer"] = 5800,
["Infobox_bridge"] = 6100,
["Infobox_building"] = 29000,
["Infobox_character"] = 7600,
["Infobox_chess_biography"] = 4100,
["Infobox_chess_player"] = 3400,
["Infobox_church"] = 15000,
["Infobox_church/denomination"] = 15000,
["Infobox_church/font_color"] = 15000,
["Infobox_civil_conflict"] = 2500,
["Infobox_civilian_attack"] = 5900,
["Infobox_college_coach"] = 12000,
["Infobox_college_football_game"] = 2100,
["Infobox_college_football_player"] = 2400,
["Infobox_college_sports_team_season"] = 41000,
["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/link"] = 41000,
["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/name"] = 41000,
["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/succession"] = 41000,
["Infobox_college_sports_team_season/team"] = 41000,
["Infobox_comic_book_title"] = 3100,
["Infobox_comics_character"] = 3600,
["Infobox_comics_creator"] = 3500,
["Infobox_comics_creator/styles.css"] = 3500,
["Infobox_company"] = 84000,
["Infobox_computing_device"] = 2400,
["Infobox_concert"] = 3400,
["Infobox_constituency"] = 5700,
["Infobox_country"] = 6600,
["Infobox_country/formernext"] = 6200,
["Infobox_country/imagetable"] = 5400,
["Infobox_country/multirow"] = 8500,
["Infobox_country/status_text"] = 2800,
["Infobox_country/styles.css"] = 6600,
["Infobox_country_at_games"] = 16000,
["Infobox_country_at_games/core"] = 16000,
["Infobox_country_at_games/see_also"] = 12000,
["Infobox_court_case"] = 4800,
["Infobox_court_case/images"] = 2600,
["Infobox_cricket_tournament"] = 2400,
["Infobox_cricketer"] = 32000,
["Infobox_cricketer/career"] = 32000,
["Infobox_cricketer/national_side"] = 7600,
["Infobox_criminal"] = 6600,
["Infobox_curler"] = 2700,
["Infobox_cycling_race_report"] = 4600,
["Infobox_cyclist"] = 16000,
["Infobox_dam"] = 5700,
["Infobox_deity"] = 2000,
["Infobox_deity/color"] = 2000,
["Infobox_designation_list"] = 20000,
["Infobox_designation_list/entry"] = 18000,
["Infobox_dim"] = 7000,
["Infobox_dim/core"] = 7000,
["Infobox_diocese"] = 3900,
["Infobox_drug"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/chemical_formula"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/data_page_link"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatATC"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatCASnumber"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatChEBI"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatChEMBL"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatChemDBNIAID"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatChemSpider"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatCompTox"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatDrugBank"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatIUPHARBPS"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatJmol"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatKEGG"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatPDBligand"] = 9700,
["Infobox_drug/formatPubChemCID"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatPubChemSID"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/formatUNII"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/legal_status"] = 11000,
["Infobox_drug/licence"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/maintenance_categories"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/non-ref-space"] = 4600,
["Infobox_drug/pregnancy_category"] = 10000,
["Infobox_drug/title"] = 10000,
["Infobox_election"] = 31000,
["Infobox_election/row"] = 31000,
["Infobox_election/shortname"] = 29000,
["Infobox_enzyme"] = 5100,
["Infobox_ethnic_group"] = 7400,
["Infobox_event"] = 5900,
["Infobox_family"] = 2200,
["Infobox_figure_skater"] = 4200,
["Infobox_film"] = 160000,
["Infobox_film/short_description"] = 156000,
["Infobox_film_awards"] = 2700,
["Infobox_film_awards/link"] = 2700,
["Infobox_film_awards/style"] = 2700,
["Infobox_food"] = 7000,
["Infobox_football_biography"] = 210000,
["Infobox_football_club"] = 28000,
["Infobox_football_club_season"] = 21000,
["Infobox_football_league"] = 2600,
["Infobox_football_league_season"] = 20000,
["Infobox_football_match"] = 6000,
["Infobox_football_tournament_season"] = 8200,
["Infobox_former_subdivision"] = 3500,
["Infobox_former_subdivision/styles.css"] = 3500,
["Infobox_galaxy"] = 2100,
["Infobox_game"] = 2600,
["Infobox_game_score"] = 3600,
["Infobox_gene"] = 13000,
["Infobox_given_name"] = 4100,
["Infobox_golfer"] = 4500,
["Infobox_golfer/highest_ranking"] = 4500,
["Infobox_government_agency"] = 11000,
["Infobox_government_cabinet"] = 2800,
["Infobox_gridiron_football_person"] = 2300,
["Infobox_gridiron_football_person/position"] = 5600,
["Infobox_gymnast"] = 3600,
["Infobox_handball_biography"] = 5000,
["Infobox_historic_site"] = 12000,
["Infobox_horseraces"] = 2600,
["Infobox_hospital"] = 6400,
["Infobox_hospital/care_system"] = 6400,
["Infobox_hospital/lists"] = 6400,
["Infobox_ice_hockey_biography"] = 20000,
["Infobox_ice_hockey_player"] = 19000,
["Infobox_ice_hockey_team"] = 3100,
["Infobox_ice_hockey_team_season"] = 2000,
["Infobox_international_football_competition"] = 5900,
["Infobox_islands"] = 9000,
["Infobox_islands/area"] = 9400,
["Infobox_islands/density"] = 9400,
["Infobox_islands/length"] = 9000,
["Infobox_islands/styles.css"] = 9000,
["Infobox_journal"] = 9900,
["Infobox_journal/Abbreviation_search"] = 9700,
["Infobox_journal/Bluebook_check"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/Former_check"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/ISO_4_check"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/ISSN-eISSN"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/Indexing_search"] = 9600,
["Infobox_journal/MathSciNet_check"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/NLM_check"] = 9500,
["Infobox_journal/frequency"] = 8700,
["Infobox_lake"] = 4200,
["Infobox_language"] = 9600,
["Infobox_language/family-color"] = 11000,
["Infobox_language/genetic"] = 6600,
["Infobox_language/linguistlist"] = 9600,
["Infobox_language/ref"] = 7100,
["Infobox_law_enforcement_agency"] = 2000,
["Infobox_legislation"] = 2100,
["Infobox_legislature"] = 3800,
["Infobox_library"] = 2200,
["Infobox_lighthouse"] = 2600,
["Infobox_lighthouse/light"] = 2600,
["Infobox_locomotive"] = 5000,
["Infobox_magazine"] = 7800,
["Infobox_manner_of_address"] = 3400,
["Infobox_mapframe"] = 86000,
["Infobox_martial_artist"] = 5800,
["Infobox_martial_artist/record"] = 5800,
["Infobox_medal_templates"] = 428000,
["Infobox_medical_condition"] = 10000,
["Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"] = 8100,
["Infobox_medical_details"] = 2100,
["Infobox_medical_person"] = 2000,
["Infobox_military_conflict"] = 23000,
["Infobox_military_installation"] = 9900,
["Infobox_military_person"] = 46000,
["Infobox_military_unit"] = 26000,
["Infobox_mine"] = 2200,
["Infobox_model"] = 2300,
["Infobox_monument"] = 2200,
["Infobox_mountain"] = 28000,
["Infobox_multi-sport_competition_event"] = 2400,
["Infobox_museum"] = 11000,
["Infobox_musical_artist"] = 123000,
["Infobox_musical_artist/color"] = 123000,
["Infobox_musical_artist/hCard_class"] = 322000,
["Infobox_musical_composition"] = 3000,
["Infobox_name"] = 7600,
["Infobox_name_module"] = 7400,
["Infobox_newspaper"] = 9900,
["Infobox_nobility"] = 2200,
["Infobox_noble"] = 7400,
["Infobox_officeholder"] = 230000,
["Infobox_officeholder/office"] = 235000,
["Infobox_official_post"] = 8300,
["Infobox_organization"] = 37000,
["Infobox_pageant_titleholder"] = 3000,
["Infobox_park"] = 7800,
["Infobox_person"] = 495000,
["Infobox_person/Wikidata"] = 4600,
["Infobox_person/height"] = 105000,
["Infobox_person/length"] = 7100,
["Infobox_person/weight"] = 68000,
["Infobox_philosopher"] = 3500,
["Infobox_planet"] = 4700,
["Infobox_play"] = 4200,
["Infobox_political_party"] = 15000,
["Infobox_power_station"] = 3200,
["Infobox_prepared_food"] = 2800,
["Infobox_professional_wrestler"] = 4400,
["Infobox_professional_wrestling_event"] = 2800,
["Infobox_protected_area"] = 14000,
["Infobox_protein_family"] = 2100,
["Infobox_publisher"] = 2400,
["Infobox_racehorse"] = 5600,
["Infobox_racing_driver"] = 4400,
["Infobox_racing_driver_series_section"] = 2400,
["Infobox_radio_show"] = 2100,
["Infobox_radio_station"] = 22000,
["Infobox_rail"] = 3000,
["Infobox_rail_line"] = 7400,
["Infobox_rail_service"] = 3000,
["Infobox_rail_service/doc"] = 3000,
["Infobox_reality_competition_season"] = 3700,
["Infobox_record_label"] = 4000,
["Infobox_recurring_event"] = 6600,
["Infobox_religious_biography"] = 5500,
["Infobox_religious_building"] = 13000,
["Infobox_religious_building/color"] = 18000,
["Infobox_restaurant"] = 3200,
["Infobox_river"] = 30000,
["Infobox_river/calcunit"] = 30000,
["Infobox_river/discharge"] = 30000,
["Infobox_river/row-style"] = 30000,
["Infobox_river/source"] = 30000,
["Infobox_road"] = 24000,
["Infobox_road/meta/mask/category"] = 24000,
["Infobox_road/meta/mask/country"] = 24000,
["Infobox_road/styles.css"] = 25000,
["Infobox_road_small"] = 2400,
["Infobox_rockunit"] = 6400,
["Infobox_royalty"] = 22000,
["Infobox_royalty/short_description"] = 11000,
["Infobox_rugby_biography"] = 17000,
["Infobox_rugby_biography/correct_date"] = 17000,
["Infobox_rugby_biography/depcheck"] = 16000,
["Infobox_rugby_league_biography"] = 10000,
["Infobox_rugby_league_biography/PLAYER"] = 9900,
["Infobox_rugby_team"] = 2600,
["Infobox_sailboat_specifications"] = 2300,
["Infobox_saint"] = 5100,
["Infobox_school"] = 39000,
["Infobox_school/short_description"] = 39000,
["Infobox_school_district"] = 5700,
["Infobox_school_district/styles.css"] = 5700,
["Infobox_scientist"] = 50000,
["Infobox_service_record"] = 2600,
["Infobox_settlement"] = 565000,
["Infobox_settlement/areadisp"] = 241000,
["Infobox_settlement/columns"] = 96000,
["Infobox_settlement/columns/styles.css"] = 96000,
["Infobox_settlement/densdisp"] = 441000,
["Infobox_settlement/impus"] = 83000,
["Infobox_settlement/lengthdisp"] = 171000,
["Infobox_settlement/link"] = 96000,
["Infobox_settlement/metric"] = 214000,
["Infobox_settlement/pref"] = 296000,
["Infobox_settlement/styles.css"] = 565000,
["Infobox_ship_begin"] = 41000,
["Infobox_ship_career"] = 37000,
["Infobox_ship_characteristics"] = 41000,
["Infobox_ship_class_overview"] = 4100,
["Infobox_ship_image"] = 40000,
["Infobox_shopping_mall"] = 3500,
["Infobox_short_story"] = 2400,
["Infobox_skier"] = 2600,
["Infobox_soap_character"] = 2900,
["Infobox_software"] = 14000,
["Infobox_software/simple"] = 14000,
["Infobox_song"] = 77000,
["Infobox_song/color"] = 77000,
["Infobox_song/link"] = 77000,
["Infobox_spaceflight"] = 3600,
["Infobox_spaceflight/styles.css"] = 3600,
["Infobox_sport_event"] = 2200,
["Infobox_sports_competition_event"] = 18000,
["Infobox_sports_competition_event/medalrow"] = 12000,
["Infobox_sports_league"] = 5100,
["Infobox_sports_season"] = 5600,
["Infobox_sports_team"] = 2300,
["Infobox_sportsperson"] = 109000,
["Infobox_stadium"] = 3100,
["Infobox_station"] = 55000,
["Infobox_station/doc"] = 55000,
["Infobox_station/services"] = 55000,
["Infobox_station/styles.css"] = 55000,
["Infobox_street"] = 3600,
["Infobox_swimmer"] = 10000,
["Infobox_television"] = 58000,
["Infobox_television/Short_description"] = 56000,
["Infobox_television/styles.css"] = 58000,
["Infobox_television_channel"] = 6300,
["Infobox_television_episode"] = 12000,
["Infobox_television_episode/styles.css"] = 12000,
["Infobox_television_season"] = 9800,
["Infobox_television_station"] = 3400,
["Infobox_tennis_biography"] = 11000,
["Infobox_tennis_event"] = 2700,
["Infobox_tennis_tournament_event"] = 20000,
["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year"] = 9500,
["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year/color"] = 29000,
["Infobox_tennis_tournament_year/footer"] = 29000,
["Infobox_tournament_season"] = 11000,
["Infobox_train"] = 2300,
["Infobox_university"] = 26000,
["Infobox_user"] = 2700,
["Infobox_venue"] = 18000,
["Infobox_video_game"] = 28000,
["Infobox_video_game/styles.css"] = 28000,
["Infobox_volleyball_biography"] = 5600,
["Infobox_weapon"] = 7400,
["Infobox_weather_event"] = 2100,
["Infobox_weather_event/Effects"] = 2100,
["Infobox_weather_event/Footer"] = 2100,
["Infobox_weather_event/History"] = 2000,
["Infobox_weather_event/meteorology"] = 2000,
["Infobox_weather_event/styles.css"] = 2100,
["Infobox_website"] = 7700,
["Infobox_writer"] = 40000,
["Information"] = 97000,
["Information/styles.css"] = 97000,
["Inline"] = 2100,
["Inline_block"] = 4800,
["Inprogress"] = 2500,
["Input_link"] = 32000,
["Instagram"] = 12000,
["Interlanguage_link"] = 171000,
["Interlanguage_link_multi"] = 17000,
["Internet_Archive_author"] = 19000,
["Internet_Archive_film"] = 2600,
["Intitle"] = 13000,
["Iptalk"] = 17000,
["IranCensus2006"] = 45000,
["IranNCSGN"] = 3200,
["Iran_Census_2006"] = 45000,
["Irc"] = 2100,
["Irish_place_name"] = 2700,
["IsIPAddress"] = 37000,
["IsValidPageName"] = 2700,
["Is_MLB_league"] = 3200,
["Is_NPB_league"] = 3300,
["Is_country_in_Central_America"] = 13000,
["Is_country_in_the_Caribbean"] = 14000,
["Is_interwiki_link"] = 6000,
["Is_italic_taxon"] = 511000,
["Is_redirect"] = 28000,
["Isbn"] = 8300,
["Isfdb_name"] = 3400,
["Isfdb_title"] = 4200,
["Isnum"] = 2000,
["Isnumeric"] = 145000,
["Iso2continent"] = 42000,
["Iso2country"] = 24000,
["Iso2country/article"] = 23000,
["Iso2country/data"] = 24000,
["Iso2nationality"] = 208000,
["Issubst"] = 71000,
["Isu_name"] = 2200,
["Italic_dab2"] = 5400,
["Italic_title"] = 280000,
["Italic_title_prefixed"] = 8700,
["Italics_colon"] = 3900,
["Italics_title"] = 2000,
["Italictitle"] = 3800,
["Ivm"] = 5700,
["Ivm/styles.css"] = 5700,
["Ivmbox"] = 125000,
["Ivory_messagebox"] = 148000,
["Module:I18n/complex_date"] = 68000,
["Module:IP"] = 134000,
["Module:IPA"] = 146000,
["Module:IPA/data"] = 131000,
["Module:IPA/styles.css"] = 117000,
["Module:IPA_symbol"] = 5300,
["Module:IPA_symbol/data"] = 5300,
["Module:IPAc-en"] = 49000,
["Module:IPAc-en/data"] = 49000,
["Module:IPAc-en/phonemes"] = 49000,
["Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation"] = 49000,
["Module:IPAddress"] = 190000,
["Module:ISO_3166"] = 1030000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/AT"] = 2500,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/BA"] = 3400,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/CA"] = 2600,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/CN"] = 2200,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/DE"] = 15000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/ES"] = 3700,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/FR"] = 38000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/GB"] = 6400,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/GR"] = 3200,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/IN"] = 29000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/IR"] = 9900,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/National"] = 1030000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/PL"] = 7500,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/RS"] = 3200,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/RU"] = 25000,
["Module:ISO_3166/data/US"] = 86000,
["Module:ISO_639_name"] = 20000,
["Module:ISOdate"] = 68000,
["Module:Icon"] = 596000,
["Module:Icon/data"] = 596000,
["Module:If_any_equal"] = 2800,
["Module:If_empty"] = 3770000,
["Module:If_in_page"] = 12000,
["Module:If_preview"] = 303000,
["Module:If_preview/configuration"] = 303000,
["Module:If_preview/styles.css"] = 303000,
["Module:Import_style"] = 12000,
["Module:In_lang"] = 364000,
["Module:Indent"] = 4700,
["Module:Infobox"] = 4200000,
["Module:Infobox/dates"] = 71000,
["Module:Infobox/styles.css"] = 4460000,
["Module:Infobox3cols"] = 302000,
["Module:InfoboxImage"] = 4530000,
["Module:Infobox_body_of_water_tracking"] = 18000,
["Module:Infobox_cyclist_tracking"] = 16000,
["Module:Infobox_gene"] = 13000,
["Module:Infobox_mapframe"] = 426000,
["Module:Infobox_military_conflict"] = 23000,
["Module:Infobox_military_conflict/styles.css"] = 23000,
["Module:Infobox_multi-lingual_name"] = 21000,
["Module:Infobox_multi-lingual_name/data"] = 21000,
["Module:Infobox_power_station"] = 3200,
["Module:Infobox_road"] = 26000,
["Module:Infobox_road/browselinks"] = 25000,
["Module:Infobox_road/errors"] = 24000,
["Module:Infobox_road/length"] = 25000,
["Module:Infobox_road/locations"] = 24000,
["Module:Infobox_road/map"] = 25000,
["Module:Infobox_road/route"] = 26000,
["Module:Infobox_road/sections"] = 24000,
["Module:Infobox_television"] = 58000,
["Module:Infobox_television_disambiguation_check"] = 65000,
["Module:Infobox_television_episode"] = 12000,
["Module:Infobox_television_season_disambiguation_check"] = 9300,
["Module:Infobox_television_season_name"] = 9800,
["Module:Internet_Archive"] = 19000,
["Module:IrelandByCountyCatNav"] = 3400,
["Module:Is_article"] = 2000,
["Module:Is_infobox_in_lead"] = 381000,
["Module:Is_instance"] = 329000,
["Module:Italic_title"] = 1140000,
["Module:Italic_title2"] = 5400,
}

Template:Microformat message

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

The [[Help:HTML in wikitext|HTML mark-up]] produced by this template includes {{#if:{{{type|}}} |{{{type}}} |an [[{{{format}}} microformat]]}} that makes {{{data}}} readily [[Parsing|parsable]] by computer programs. This aids tasks such as the cataloguing of articles and maintenance of databases. For more information about the use of microformats on Wikipedia, please visit [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats|the Microformat WikiProject]].{{#if:{{{subtemplates<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}
| <div style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.65em;">
; {{large|Subtemplates}}
{{{subtemplates}}}

'''''Please do not remove instances of these subtemplates.'''''
</div>}}{{#if:{{{subsection1|}}}
| <div style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.65em;">
{{{subsection1}}}
</div>}}{{#if:{{{1<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} 
| <div style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.65em;">
; {{large|Classes used}}
The [[HTML attribute|HTML class]]es of this microformat include:
: {{hlist
|item_style=font-size:110%;{{{itemstyle|}}}
|{{{1}}} |{{{2<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |{{{3|<noinclude>{{nobold|……}}</noinclude>}}}
|{{{4|}}} |{{{5|}}} |{{{6|}}} |{{{7|}}} |{{{8|}}} |{{{9|}}} |{{{10|}}} |{{{11|}}} |{{{12|}}} |{{{13|}}} |{{{14|}}} |{{{15|}}} |{{{16|}}} |{{{17|}}} |{{{18|}}} |{{{19|}}} |{{{20|}}}
}} </div>
{{longitem|style=line-height:1.3em|'''''Please do not rename or remove these classes{{#if:{{{nocollapse<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} | nor collapse nested elements which use them}}.'''''}}}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox command structure

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{military navigation
|raw_name = {{{raw_name|}}}
|title = {{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}}|({{{date}}})}}
|bodyclass= {{{bodyclass|}}}
|group1 = {{#if:{{{parent|}}}|Parent unit}}
|list1 = {{#if:{{{parent|}}}|{{{parent}}}}}
|group2 = {{#if:{{{subordinate|}}}|Components}}
|list2 = {{#if:{{{subordinate|}}}|{{{subordinate}}}}}
}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox command structure with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox command structure]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| bodyclass | date | name | parent | raw_name | subordinate }}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Category link with count

2024-04-09T05:49:34Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

[[:Category:{{#invoke:string|replace|1={{{1}}}|2=^:?[Cc]ategory:|3=|plain=false}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|Category:{{#invoke:string|replace|1={{{1}}}|2=^:?[Cc]ategory:|3=|plain=false}}}}]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{#invoke:string|replace|1={{{1}}}|2=^:?[Cc]ategory:|3=|plain=false}}|{{{2|all}}}}})<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Parameter names example

2024-04-09T05:49:34Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Parameter names example|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Lua

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Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Lua banner|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{Lua|Module:Lua banner}}
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Module:Parameter names example

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

-- This module implements {{parameter names example}}.

local p = {}

local function makeParam(s)
local lb = '{'
local rb = '}'
return lb:rep(3) .. s .. rb:rep(3)
end

local function italicize(s)
return "''" .. s .. "''"
end

local function plain(s)
return s
end

function p._main(args, frame)
-- Find how we want to format the arguments to the template.
local formatFunc
if args._display == 'italics' or args._display == 'italic' then
formatFunc = italicize
elseif args._display == 'plain' then
formatFunc = plain
else
formatFunc = makeParam
end

-- Build the table of template arguments.
local targs = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if type(k) == 'number' then
targs[v] = formatFunc(v)
elseif not k:find('^_') then
targs[k] = v
end
end

--targs['nocat'] = 'yes';
--targs['categories'] = 'no';
--targs['demo'] = 'yes';

-- Find the template name.
local template
if args._template then
template = args._template
else
local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
if currentTitle.prefixedText:find('/sandbox$') then
template = currentTitle.prefixedText
else
template = currentTitle.basePageTitle.prefixedText
end
end

-- Call the template with the arguments.
frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame()
local success, result = pcall(
frame.expandTemplate,
frame,
{title = template, args = targs}
)
if success then
return result
else
return ''
end
end

function p.main(frame)
local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {
wrappers = 'Template:Parameter names example'
})
return p._main(args, frame)
end

return p

Module:Lua banner

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

-- This module implements the {{lua}} template.
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local mList = require('Module:List')
local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
local mMessageBox = require('Module:Message box')

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
local origArgs = frame:getParent().args
local args = {}
for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do
v = v:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$')
if v ~= '' then
args[k] = v
end
end
return p._main(args)
end

function p._main(args)
local modules = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)
local box = p.renderBox(modules)
local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules)
return box .. trackingCategories
end

function p.renderBox(modules)
local boxArgs = {}
if #modules < 1 then
boxArgs.text = 'Error: no modules specified'
else
local moduleLinks = {}
for i, module in ipairs(modules) do
moduleLinks[i] = string.format('[[:%s]]', module)
local maybeSandbox = mw.title.new(module .. '/sandbox')
if maybeSandbox and maybeSandbox.exists then
moduleLinks[i] = moduleLinks[i] .. string.format(' ([[:%s|sandbox]])', maybeSandbox.fullText)
end
end
local moduleList = mList.makeList('bulleted', moduleLinks)
local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
if title.subpageText == "doc" then
title = title.basePageTitle
end
if title.contentModel == "Scribunto" then
boxArgs.text = 'This module depends on the following other modules:' .. moduleList
else
boxArgs.text = 'This template uses [[Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]]:\n' .. moduleList
end
end
boxArgs.type = 'notice'
boxArgs.small = true
boxArgs.image = '[[File:Lua-Logo.svg|30px|alt=|link=]]'
return mMessageBox.main('mbox', boxArgs)
end

function p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules, titleObj)
if yesno(args.nocat) then
return ''
end

local cats = {}

-- Error category
if #modules < 1 then
cats[#cats + 1] = 'Lua templates with errors'
end

-- Lua templates category
titleObj = titleObj or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
local subpageBlacklist = {
doc = true,
sandbox = true,
sandbox2 = true,
testcases = true
}
if not subpageBlacklist[titleObj.subpageText] then
local protCatName
if titleObj.namespace == 10 then
local category = args.category
if not category then
local categories = {
['Module:String'] = 'Templates based on the String Lua module',
['Module:Math'] = 'Templates based on the Math Lua module',
['Module:BaseConvert'] = 'Templates based on the BaseConvert Lua module',
['Module:Citation/CS1'] = 'Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module'
}
category = modules[1] and categories[modules[1]]
category = category or 'Lua-based templates'
end
cats[#cats + 1] = category
protCatName = "Templates using under-protected Lua modules"
elseif titleObj.namespace == 828 then
protCatName = "Modules depending on under-protected modules"
end
if not args.noprotcat and protCatName then
local protLevels = {
autoconfirmed = 1,
extendedconfirmed = 2,
templateeditor = 3,
sysop = 4
}
local currentProt
if titleObj.id ~= 0 then
-- id is 0 (page does not exist) if am previewing before creating a template.
currentProt = titleObj.protectionLevels["edit"][1]
end
if currentProt == nil then currentProt = 0 else currentProt = protLevels[currentProt] end
for i, module in ipairs(modules) do
if module ~= "WP:libraryUtil" then
local moduleTitle = mw.title.new(module)
local moduleProt = moduleTitle and moduleTitle.protectionLevels["edit"][1]
if moduleProt == nil then moduleProt = 0 else moduleProt = protLevels[moduleProt] end
if moduleProt < currentProt then
cats[#cats + 1] = protCatName
break
end
end
end
end
end
for i, cat in ipairs(cats) do
cats[i] = string.format('[[Category:%s]]', cat)
end
return table.concat(cats)
end

return p

Template:Infobox service record

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<noinclude>{{Being deleted|2022 April 30|Template:Infobox ship begin|merge= Template:Infobox ship}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#switch:{{#ifeq:{{{is_ship|}}}|yes|1|0}}{{#ifeq:{{{is_multi|}}}|yes|1|0}}|
|00 = <table {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|main_box}}>
|#default = }}{{#ifeq:{{{is_ship|}}}|yes|<tr>
<th colspan="2" {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_bar}}>{{#if:{{{label|}}}|{{{label|}}}|Service record}}</th>
</tr>
{{#if:{{{partof|}}}|<tr><td>Part of:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{partof}}}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{codes|}}}|<tr><td>Identification codes:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{codes}}}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{commanders|}}}|<tr><td>Commanders:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{commanders}}}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{operations|}}}|<tr><td>Operations:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{operations}}}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{victories|}}}|<tr><td>Victories:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{victories}}}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|<tr><td>Awards:</td><td>
{{#invoke:WPSHIPS utilities|unbulleted_list|{{{awards}}}}}</td></tr>
}}|<tr>
<th colspan="2" {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_bar}}>{{#if:{{{label|}}}|{{{label|}}}|Service record}}</th>
</tr>
{{#if:{{{partof|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td>
{{{partof}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{codes|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Identification codes</th><td>
{{{codes}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{commanders|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Commanders</th><td>
{{{commanders}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{operations|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Operations</th><td>
{{{operations}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{victories|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Victories</th><td>
{{{victories}}}</td></tr>
}}{{#if:{{{awards|}}}|<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em;">Awards</th><td>
{{{awards}}}</td></tr>
}}}}{{#switch:{{#ifeq:{{{is_ship|}}}|yes|1|0}}{{#ifeq:{{{is_multi|}}}|yes|1|0}}|
|00 = </table>
|#default = }}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{convert to use Infobox}}
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Module:Transclusion count

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

local p = {}

function p.fetch(frame)
local template = nil
local return_value = nil

-- Use demo parameter if it exists, otherswise use current template name
local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace
if frame.args["demo"] and frame.args["demo"] ~= "" then
template = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args["demo"],"^[Tt]emplate:","")
elseif namespace == 10 then -- Template namespace
template = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text
elseif namespace == 828 then -- Module namespace
template = (mw.site.namespaces[828].name .. ":" .. mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text)
end

-- If in template or module namespace, look up count in /data
if template ~= nil then
namespace = mw.title.new(template, "Template").namespace
if namespace == 10 or namespace == 828 then
template = mw.ustring.gsub(template, "/doc$", "") -- strip /doc from end
template = mw.ustring.gsub(template, "/sandbox$", "") -- strip /sandbox from end
local index = mw.ustring.sub(mw.title.new(template).text,1,1)
local status, data = pcall(function ()
return(mw.loadData('Module:Transclusion_count/data/' .. (mw.ustring.find(index, "%a") and index or "other")))
end)
if status then
return_value = tonumber(data[mw.ustring.gsub(template, " ", "_")])
end
end
end

-- If database value doesn't exist, use value passed to template
if return_value == nil and frame.args[1] ~= nil then
local arg1=mw.ustring.match(frame.args[1], '[%d,]+')
if arg1 and arg1 ~= '' then
return_value = tonumber(frame:callParserFunction('formatnum', arg1, 'R'))
end
end

return return_value
end

-- Tabulate this data for [[Wikipedia:Database reports/Templates transcluded on the most pages]]
function p.tabulate(frame)
local list = {}
for i = 65, 91 do
local data = mw.loadData('Module:Transclusion count/data/' .. ((i == 91) and 'other' or string.char(i)))
for name, count in pairs(data) do
table.insert(list, {mw.title.new(name, "Template").fullText, count})
end
end
table.sort(list, function(a, b)
return (a[2] == b[2]) and (a[1] < b[1]) or (a[2] > b[2])
end)
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage();
for i = 1, #list do
list[i] = ('|-\n| %d || [[%s]] || %s\n'):format(i, list[i][1]:gsub('_', ' '), lang:formatNum(list[i][2]))
end
return table.concat(list)
end

return p

Module:High-use

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

local p = {}

-- _fetch looks at the "demo" argument.
local _fetch = require('Module:Transclusion_count').fetch
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

function p.num(frame, count)
if count == nil then
if yesno(frame.args['fetch']) == false then
if (frame.args[1] or '') ~= '' then count = tonumber(frame.args[1]) end
else
count = _fetch(frame)
end
end

-- Build output string
local return_value = ""
if count == nil then
if frame.args[1] == "risk" then
return "a very large number of"
else
return "many"
end
else
-- Use 2 significant figures for smaller numbers and 3 for larger ones
local sigfig = 2
if count >= 100000 then
sigfig = 3
end

-- Prepare to round to appropriate number of sigfigs
local f = math.floor(math.log10(count)) - sigfig + 1

-- Round and insert "approximately" or "+" when appropriate
if (frame.args[2] == "yes") or (mw.ustring.sub(frame.args[1],-1) == "+") then
-- Round down
return_value = string.format("%s+", mw.getContentLanguage():formatNum(math.floor( (count / 10^(f)) ) * (10^(f))) )
else
-- Round to nearest
return_value = string.format("approximately %s", mw.getContentLanguage():formatNum(math.floor( (count / 10^(f)) + 0.5) * (10^(f))) )
end

-- Insert percentage of pages if that is likely to be >= 1% and when |no-percent= not set to yes
if count and count > 250000 and not yesno (frame:getParent().args['no-percent']) then
local percent = math.floor( ( (count/frame:callParserFunction('NUMBEROFPAGES', 'R') ) * 100) + 0.5)
if percent >= 1 then
return_value = string.format("%s pages, or roughly %s%% of all", return_value, percent)
end
end
end

return return_value
end

-- Actions if there is a large (greater than or equal to 100,000) transclusion count
function p.risk(frame)
if frame.args[1] == "risk" then
return "risk"
else
local count = _fetch(frame)
if count and count >= 100000 then
return "risk"
end
end
return ""
end

function p.text(frame, count)
-- Only show the information about how this template gets updated if someone
-- is actually editing the page and maybe trying to update the count.
local bot_text = (frame:preprocess("{{REVISIONID}}") == "") and "\n\n----\n'''Preview message''': Transclusion count updated automatically ([[Template:High-use/doc#Technical details|see documentation]])." or ''

if count == nil then
if yesno(frame.args['fetch']) == false then
if (frame.args[1] or '') ~= '' then count = tonumber(frame.args[1]) end
else
count = _fetch(frame)
end
end
local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
if title.subpageText == "doc" or title.subpageText == "sandbox" then
title = title.basePageTitle
end

local systemMessages = frame.args['system']
if frame.args['system'] == '' then
systemMessages = nil
end

-- This retrieves the project URL automatically to simplify localiation.
local templateCount = ('on [https://linkcount.toolforge.org/index.php?project=%s&page=%s %s pages]'):format(
mw.title.getCurrentTitle():fullUrl():gsub('//(.-)/.*', '%1'),
mw.uri.encode(title.fullText), p.num(frame, count))
local used_on_text = "'''This " .. (mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "Lua module" or "template") .. ' is used ';
if systemMessages then
used_on_text = used_on_text .. systemMessages ..
((count and count > 2000) and ("''', and " .. templateCount) or ("'''"))
else
used_on_text = used_on_text .. templateCount .. "'''"
end

local sandbox_text = ("%s's [[%s/sandbox|/sandbox]] or [[%s/testcases|/testcases]] subpages, or in your own [[%s]]. "):format(
(mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "module" or "template"),
title.fullText, title.fullText,
mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 828 and "Module:Sandbox|module sandbox" or "Wikipedia:User pages#SUB|user subpage"
)

local infoArg = frame.args["info"] ~= "" and frame.args["info"]
if (systemMessages or frame.args[1] == "risk" or (count and count >= 100000) ) then
local info = systemMessages and '. Changes to it can cause immediate changes to the Wikipedia user interface.' or '.'
if infoArg then
info = info .. " " .. infoArg
end
sandbox_text = info .. ' To avoid major disruption' ..
(count and count >= 100000 and ' and server load' or '') ..
', any changes should be tested in the ' .. sandbox_text ..
'The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. '
else
sandbox_text = (infoArg and ('. ' .. infoArg .. ' C') or ' and c') ..
'hanges may be widely noticed. Test changes in the ' .. sandbox_text
end

local discussion_text = systemMessages and 'Please discuss changes ' or 'Consider discussing changes '
if frame.args["2"] and frame.args["2"] ~= "" and frame.args["2"] ~= "yes" then
discussion_text = string.format("%sat [[%s]]", discussion_text, frame.args["2"])
else
discussion_text = string.format("%son the [[%s|talk page]]", discussion_text, title.talkPageTitle.fullText )
end

return used_on_text .. sandbox_text .. discussion_text .. " before implementing them." .. bot_text
end

function p.main(frame)
local count = nil
if yesno(frame.args['fetch']) == false then
if (frame.args[1] or '') ~= '' then count = tonumber(frame.args[1]) end
else
count = _fetch(frame)
end
local image = "[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]"
local type_param = "style"
local epilogue = ''
if frame.args['system'] and frame.args['system'] ~= '' then
image = "[[File:Ambox important.svg|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]"
type_param = "content"
local nocat = frame:getParent().args['nocat'] or frame.args['nocat']
local categorise = (nocat == '' or not yesno(nocat))
if categorise and not mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isRedirect then
epilogue = frame:preprocess('{{Sandbox other||{{#switch:{{#invoke:Effective protection level|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|File=upload|#default=edit}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|sysop|templateeditor|interfaceadmin=|#default=[[Category:Pages used in system messages needing protection]]}}}}')
end
elseif (frame.args[1] == "risk" or (count and count >= 100000)) then
image = "[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|40px|alt=Warning|link=]]"
type_param = "content"
end

if frame.args["form"] == "editnotice" then
return frame:expandTemplate{
title = 'editnotice',
args = {
["image"] = image,
["text"] = p.text(frame, count),
["expiry"] = (frame.args["expiry"] or "")
}
} .. epilogue
else
return require('Module:Message box').main('ombox', {
type = type_param,
image = image,
text = p.text(frame, count),
expiry = (frame.args["expiry"] or "")
}) .. epilogue
end
end

return p

Template:Template parameter usage

2024-04-09T05:49:33Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{#switch:{{{label|}}}
|=[https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template={{Urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{lc}}}}}|no|S|s}}ee a monthly parameter usage report] for {{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[Template:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}]]|this template}} in articles{{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{based}}}}}|yes| based on {{#if:{{{1|}}}|its|this}} TemplateData}}.
|None|none=[https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template={{Urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{lc}}}}}|no|P|p}}arameter usage report]{{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{based}}}}}|yes| based on {{#if:{{{1|}}}|its|this}} TemplateData}}
|for|For=[https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template={{Urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{lc}}}}}|no|P|p}}arameter usage report] for {{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[Template:{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}]]|[[Template:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}]]}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{based}}}}}|yes| based on {{#if:{{{1|}}}|its|this}} TemplateData}}.
|#default=[https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template={{Urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME:{{{1|}}}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}}}} {{{label|}}}]{{#ifeq:{{yesno-no|{{{based}}}}}|yes| based on {{#if:{{{1|}}}|its|this}} TemplateData}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:TemplateData header

2024-04-09T05:49:32Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

<div class="templatedata-header">{{#if:{{{noheader|}}}|{{Template parameter usage|{{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|based=y}}|This is the {{#if:{{{nolink|}}}|TemplateData|[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]]}} for this template used by [[mw:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]], [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and other tools. {{Template parameter usage|{{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|based=y}}}}

'''TemplateData for {{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}'''
</div><includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check
|unknown={{template other|1=[[Category:Pages using TemplateData header with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}
|template=Template:TemplateData header
|1 |nolink |noheader
|preview=<div class="error" style="font-weight:normal">Unknown parameter '_VALUE_' in [[Template:TemplateData header]].</div>
}}{{template other|{{sandbox other||
[[Category:Templates using TemplateData]]

}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:High-use

2024-04-09T05:49:32Z

Mouzen: 1 revision imported

{{#invoke:High-use|main|1={{{1|}}}|2={{{2|}}}|info={{{info|}}}|demo={{{demo|}}}|form={{{form|}}}|expiry={{{expiry|}}}|system={{{system|}}}}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}

</noinclude>